1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

1. Mouth

2. Stomach

3. Small intestine

4. Large intestine

1. Tongue

2. Teeth

3. Saliva

To start carbohydrate digestion

-Amylase in saliva breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars

-Lipase from tongue starts lipid digestion

1. Duodenum

2. Jujenum

3. Ileum

1. Duodenum

2. Pancreas

3. Liver

1. Ascending colon

2. Transverse colon

3. Descending colon

1. Nervous regulation

2. Residence Time

3. Canal movements

The time it takes food to digest from ingestion to defecation.

Averages about 8 hours, but depends on food type.

1. Peristaltic contractions

2. Sphincter muscles

1. Superior constrictor muscles

2. Esophageal sphincter

3. Pyloric sphincter

4. Illececal valve

5. Anal sphincter

Between mouth and esophagus

Assist in swallowing

1. Tongue forces food into phaynx

2. Epiglottis closes and seals off trachea and esophagus opens

3. Superior constrictor muscles contract, forcing food into the esophagus

4. Peristaltic contractions force food down the esophagus

1. Cephalic phase

2. Gastric phase

3. Intestinal phase

1. Cephalic phase -

Triggered by taste, smell, sight, thoughts

Parasympathetic stimulates low levels of Gastric secretions

2. Gastric phase - 

Triggered by food entering the stomach

Large increase in stomach secretion

3. Intestinal phase - 

Triggered by food entering small intestine

Gastric secretions occur in both stomach and intestine

1. Pepsinogen

2. Hydrochloric acid

3. Mucous

4. Intrinsic factor

Lubricates chyme

and protects stomach lining from acid attack

Duodenum

Jejunum and Ileum

1. Pancreatic Amylase

2. Pancreatic Lipase

3. Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase 

1. Peptidases

2. Sucrase, Maltase, Lactase

3. Lipase

Peptidases

1. Simple sugars (glucose)

2. Amino acids

3. Fatty acids

4. Chylomicrons system

5. Water

6. Ions

Active Transport

requires cellular energy

1. Amino acids and Fatty acids enter Interstitial Mucosa cells on the intestine wall

2. ER of cells convert Fatty acids to Lipids, and Amino acids to Proteins

3. Fats are then encapsulated by a protein coat call Chylomicron

4. Chylomicrons transport outside the mucosa cell and enter the Lymph system

5. Lymph transports them to the blood stream where they may be: Used by liver

     Converted to fat and stored

     Broken down by liver

Secrete mucous (lubrication)

Absorb water and electrolyes

Excrete leftovers (defecation)

1. Synthesis and secretion of bile (lipid digestion)

2. Stores Glycogen and lipids for release into blood stream

3. Maintains levels of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids

4. Synthesis and interconversion between lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

5. Synthesis and regulation of blood cholesterol

6. Inactivates toxins such as alcohol and other drugs

7. Stores iron

8. Stores vitamin A, D, and B12

What are other important functions of the liver?

1. Synthesis of plasma proteins

2. Synthesis of clotting factors

3. Phagocytosis of damaged red blood cells

4. Stores about a pint of blood

5. Absorbs and breaks down circulating hormones

6. Absorbs and inactivates lipid soluble drugs

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

Animal fat (saturated fat)

Vegetable oil (unsaturated fat)

To make up cell membranes

To make up some hormones

To store energy

For cushioning and insulation

Small amounts of the essentials in vegetable oil

Less than 30% of calories

Approx. 75 gms/day

or

.4 gms/lbs body weight

1. Vitamins

2. Minerals

3. Trace Elements

1. Fat soluble

2. Water soluble

All B vitamins

Niacin folic acid

Biotin

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs cycle

3. Electron Transport

2 ATPs formed

H2O produced

Glucose is broken down into 2-3 carbon compounds

Released hydrogen forms with coenzymes

2 ATPs and H2O is produced

Released hydrogen forms with coenzymes

CO2 forms and release

2 ATPs are produced

Coenzymes release hydrogen for ions

Hydrogen ion energy is used to form 32 ATPs

Oxygen combines with Hydrogen to form H2O

1. Glycolysis - Occurs in the cell cytoplasm - noO2

-Glucose is broken down to 2-3 carbon compounds

-Released Hydrogen forms with coenzymes

-2 ATPs and H2O is produced

2. Krebs Cycle - Occurs inside Mitrochondria

-Released hydrogen forms with coenzymes

-CO2 forms and releases

-2 ATPs produced

3. Electron Transport - Occurs in inner Mitochondria Membrane

-Coenzymes release hydrogen for ions

-Hydrogen ion energy used to form 32 ATPs

-Oxygen combine w/ hydrogen to form H2O