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Diencephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Study materials for Medical Neuroanatomy
41
Biology
Graduate
11/23/2011

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Term
Which thalamic nuclear group receives input from the mamillary bodies and projects to the cingulate cortex of the cerebrum?
Definition
Anterior nuclear group
Term
Which midline nucleus of the thalamus connects with the cerebellum and corpus striatum?
Definition
Centromedian nucleus
Term
Which thalamic nuclei connect with the hypothalamus and central periaquaductal gray matter?
Definition
Nuclei of the midline
Term
Where are the medial nuclei located? (Note: these are not the same as the nuclei of the midline)
Definition
In the gray substance medial to the internal medullary lamina
Term
Where do the medial nuclei project?
Definition
Frontal cortex
Term
What are the nuclei that make up the lateral nuclear mass of the thalamus?
Definition
Reticular nucleus
Ventral anterior nucleus
Dorsolateral nucleus
Ventral lateral nucleus
Ventral posterior group (ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral nuclei)
Term
Which thalamic nucleus projects to the corpus striatum?
Definition
Ventral anterior nucleus
Term
Where does the reticular nucleus reside?
Definition
It's part of the lateral nuclear mass and sits between the external medullary lamina and the internal capsule.
Term
Where does the ventral lateral nucleus project?
Definition
Cerebral motor cortex
Term
Which nucleus projects to the parietal cortex?
Definition
Dorsolateral nucleus
Term
Which nuclei project information via the internal capsule to the sensory cortex of the cerebral hemisphere?
Definition
Ventral posterolateral and posteromedial nuclei
Term
What input do the ventral posterolateral nucleus and ventral posteromedial nucleus receive?
Definition
The ventral posterolateral nucleus receives sensory input from the body, while the ventral posteromedial nucleus receives sensory input from the face.
Term
What are the three nuclei that make up the posterior nuclei of the thalamus?
Definition
Pulvinar nucleus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Term
Which thalamic nucleus connects with the parietal and temporal cortices?
Definition
Pulvinar nucleus
Term
What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?
Definition
It is a major station along the visual pathway and receives most of the fibers of the optic tract. These fibers are then projected via the geniculocalcarine radiation to the visual cortex around the calcarine fissure.
Term
Which thalamic nucleus receives acoustic fibers from the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus?
Definition
Medial geniculate nucleus: it projects fibers via the acoustic radiation to the temporal cortex.
Term
What are the five functional nuclear groups of the thalamus?
Definition
Sensory
Motor
Limbic
Multimodal
Intralaminar
Term
Which thalamic nuclei are functionally classified as sensory?
Definition
Ventral posterior group (both nuclei) and geniculate bodies
Term
What are the thalamic sensory nuclei involved in?
Definition
Relaying and modifying sensory signals from the body, face, retina, cochlea, and taste receptors
Term
Which thalamic nuclei are functionally classified as motor?
Definition
Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei
Term
What is the function of the thalamic motor nuclei?
Definition
They convey motor information from the cerebellum and globus pallidus to the precentral motor cortex (aka motor relay nuclei)
Term
The dorsomedial nucleus belongs to the thalamic functional group _____.
Definition
Limbic
Term
What is the input and output pathway of the dorsomedial nucleus of the limbic functional group?
Definition
Receives input from the olfactory cortex and amygdala regions and projects reciprocally to the prefrontal cortex and the hypothalamus.
Term
Which thalamic nuclei are functionally classified as multimodal?
Definition
Pulvinar, posterolateral, and dorsolateral
Term
What are the three parts of the medial hypothalamic nuclei?
Definition
Supraoptic portion (anteriormost)
Tuberal portion (immediately behind supraoptic portion)
Mamillary portion (posterior most)
Term
The paraventricular nuclei belong to which medial hypothalamic nuclei group?
Definition
Supraoptic
Term
Which hypothalamic nuclei belong to the supraoptic group?
Definition
Supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, and paraventricular
Term
What are the hypothalamic nuclei that belong to the tuberal portion of the medial hypothalamic nuclei?
Definition
Ventromedial, dorsomedial, and arcuate nuclei (along with medial eminence)
Term
The posterior nuclei belong to which medial hypothalamic nuclei group?
Definition
Mamillary
Term
Where does the preoptic area of the hypothalamus lie?
Definition
Anterior to hypothalamus, between optic chiasm and anterior commissure
Term
The superior part of the walls of the third ventricle is made up of what structure?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
The inferior walls and floor of the third ventricle are made by what structure?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
The diencephalon surrounds which ventricle?
Definition
Third
Term
What is the major purpose of the thalamus?
Definition
Relay station for sensory information en route to cortex and crude perception of some sensations
Term
Which structure is the major regulator of homeostasis?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
What are the main functions of the pineal gland?
Definition
Secreting melatonin in darkness
Promoting sleepiness and setting biological clock
Term
Which thalamic nuclei are considered "relay" nuclei?
Definition
Medial geniculate nucleus, lateral geniculate nucleus, ventral posterolateral nucleus, ventral posteromedial nucleus, ventral lateral nucleus, ventral anterior nucleus anterior thalamic nuclei
Term
Which thalamic nuclei are considered "association" nuclei?
Definition
Dorsomedial nucleus, pulvinar nucleus, posterolateral nucleus, and dorsolateral nucleus
Term
What are "relay nuclei"?
Definition
receive from 1 modality and project to localized cortical areas
Term
What are "association nuclei"?
Definition
Nuclei that are neither sensory nor motor.
Term
True/False. Stimulation of "specific" thalamic nuclei evokes highly localized response in contralateral cortex.
Definition
False. They evoke response in the ipsilateral cortex. Decussation has already occured at this point.
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