Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Diabetes
NU203
27
Nursing
Graduate
07/10/2011

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Women who get gestational diabetes will almost certainly get ________ later.
Definition
Type 2 diabetes.
Term
_______ ________ was found in 68% of diabetes-related death certificates in people ages 65 and older.
Definition
Heart disease
Term
______ is a long, tapered gland behind the stomach. The ______ ___ _______ contain hormone-producing cells.
Definition
Pancreas, islets of langerhans
Term
____-cells produce glucagon, which _____ blood glucose by stimulating the liver and other cells to release stored _____. This is called _______.
Definition
Alpha cells produce glucagon, increase blood glucose by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose. Glycogenolysis.
Term
***_____-cells produce insulin, which _____ blood glucose by facilitating transport ____ the cells
Definition
Beta cells produce insulin, lowers blood glucose by facilitating transport into cells
Term
*Type 1 diabetes has __ ____-cells, while type 2 diabetes has __ ____-cells
Definition
Type 1 has no beta cells
Type 2 has decreased beta cells
Term
______ cells produce somatostatin, which is believed to regulate release of _____ and _____.
Definition
Delta cells, release of glucagon and insulin
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
The body does not produce or properly use insulin
Term
In diabetes Mellitus, the individual experience chronic __________
Definition
Chronic hyperglycemia
Term
_______, _______, _____ ________, and ________ may induce diabetes. These people will _____ ______ diabetes!!! However, they may be able to _______ it with _____, but they are still _____.
Definition
Steroids, stressors, weight gain, and illness may induce diabetes. These people will always have diabetes. They may be able to control it with diet, but they still have diabetes.
Term
4 types of diabetes
Definition
Type 1, type 2, gestational, and pre-diabetes.
Term
The major effect of glucose metabolism occurs in the ______
Definition
liver
Term
Normally, insulin is continuously released in small ______ increments, with ______ release with eating. The body also makes extra insulin under ______ and during _______. It makes less during ______.
Definition
Pulsatile (basal). Increased with eating. The body makes extra insulin under stress and during exercise. It makes less during certain times of pregnancy.
Term
When insulin is released, blood glucose ______, which regulates normal blood glucose at a level of __-____. Within 2 hours of eating, up to ____ is okay. Anything over ____ should be reported.
Definition
BG decreases. Normal BG is 70-120, up to 140 within 2 hours of eating is okay. Anything over 170 should be reported.
Term
When ____ isn't properly produced, glucose spills into _____, pulls _____ from cells, causing _______. Excess glucose is stored as _____ in the _____.
Definition
When insulin isn't produced properly, glucose spills into the urine and pulls fluid from the cells causing dehydration. Excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen.
Term
_________ is a biologically inactive peptide formed when beta cells of the pancreas convert proinsulin to insulin.
Definition
C-peptide
Term
C-peptide greater than __ng/ml can be managed without _____. Lower than that is usually ____ _ _______.
Definition
C-peptide greater than 18ng/ml can usually be managed without insulin

Less than that is usually type 1 diabetes.
Term
What does the hemoglobin A1C test tell us?
Definition
The sugar that has been circulating in the blood for the past 3 months.
Term
Normal range of hemoglobin A1C is __-___%. In poorly controlled diabetes it's ____% or above, in well-controlled diabetes, it's less than __%. We want to see A1C below __%!!!
Definition
4-5.9%.

Maybe be 8% or above in poorly controlled diabetes. It's 7% or below in well-controlled diabetes.

***We want to see 6% or below. At this level, the patient is MUCH less likely to see complications from diabetes.
Term
BOTH type 1 and type 2 diabetes have these three defining signs and symptoms:


Additionally, both may experience _____ _____. This is because the ____ _____ near the eyes are so _____, they are damaged easily by poor circulation.
Definition
1. Poluria
2. Polyphagia
3. Polydypsia


Blurred vision, the blood vessels around the eyes are so small they are easily damaged.
Term
_____ _______ (_______ _) is a group of disorders that have insulin resistance as their main feature. The people are ______-shaped. It is associated with a collection of health-related problems, like _______.

They don't respond to drug therapy, but _____ or ______ does seem to help.
Definition
Metabolic X syndrome (syndrome X)
Apple-shaped
PCOS

Metformin or glucofage. PCOS is often put on this whether their sugar is impaired or not.
Term
Fasting blood glucose rante of __-___is normal. Over _____, the patient really needs to be watched, as this is impaired. >____ fasting glucose is usually provisional diagnosis of diabetes.
Definition
70-99 is normal. Over 100 needs to be watched carefully. >126 is provisional diagnosis of diabetes.
Term
2 hour post glucose load less than _____ is okay

2 hr post glucose ___-___ is impaired

2 hr post glucose load > or = ___ is diabetes
Definition
less than 140 is okay

140-199 is impaired

> or = 200 is diabetes
Term
Lantus (glagine) cannot be ____________.

It is most effective when taken at _________.

Patients may also need a ____-____ insulin prior large, between-meal snacks.

Lantus has __ _____ peak, therefor may have ______ hypoglycemia

If engaging in intense physical activity, may need to _____ the does in the evening prior or _________
Definition
Lantus cannot be mixed with other insulins in the same syringe.

Most effective when taken at a consistent time.

May also need a rapid-acting insulin prior to large, between-meal snacks.

Lantus has no pronounced peak, therefor may have reduced hypoglycemia

If engaging in intense physical activity may need to lower the does the evening prior or add an extra snack
Term
Insulin vials not in use should be stored at ______, and may be kept at _____ _____ for ___ _____.

Store clouding insulin syringes _____ to ____ ____.
Definition
Insulin vials not in use should be stored at room temp, and may be kept at room temp for one month after opening.

Store cloudy insulin syringes vertically to avoid clumps.
Term
Injection sites

_______: best for AM injections
_______: best for midday injections
_______: best for evening injections
_______: best for bedtime injections
Definition
Abdomen: AM
Arms: midday
Legs: evening
Buttocks: bedtime
Term
Somogyi effect




Treatment?
Definition
Problem with inulin therapy

Early morning (2-3am) low BS
Normal/elevated BS at bedtime

High fasting BS
Wide fluctuations
Response to counter-regulatory hormones
H/A in AM, night sweats, nightmares

Treatment: increase evening or predinner insulin
Supporting users have an ad free experience!