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Developmental (220)
UBCO - 2013 PSYO 220 - Julia Shaw
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
04/09/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

What is development?

Definition

 

Systematic changes and continuities over the lifespan, involving gains, losses, and neutral changes in an individual. 

Term

 

What are the three broad domains of development?

Definition

 

1. Physical

2. Cognitive

3. Psychosocial

Term

 

List the defined age stratums.

Definition

> prenatal: conception to birth

> infancy: first two years of life

   -- toddlers are ages 1-3

> preschool: 2-5/6

> middle childhood: 6-12

> adolescence: 12-20

   -- emerging adulthood 18-25

> early adulthood: 20-40

> middle adulthood: 40-65

> late adulthood: 65 +

   -- young old: 65-75

   -- old old: 75-85

   -- oldest old: 85 +

Term

 

How has history changed our notion of the lifespan? Discuss childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. 

Definition

> Childhood

Before 1600 children were viewed as mini adults. There were still understood differences but they were very pressured to "grow up". During late 17th, early 18th century children were seen as innocent and in need of protection and moral and vocational guidance. 

> Adolescence

Before the industrial revolution, children worked as they became able. At the end of the 19th century however, a modern concept of adolescence emerged. An educated workforce was needed and after WWII increasing numbers started to attend university. Adolescence was about becoming educated.

The notion of emerging adulthood became prevalent as a period of identity exploration, instability, self-focus, and limitless possibilities. 

> Adulthood

Life expectancy changes over the centuries has determined adulthood. Middle age and retirement were new concepts that emerged from the "graying of America". 

Term

 

What is a reflex?

Definition

 

A reflex is an unlearned and involuntary response to a stimulus.

Humans are born with it. 

Term

 

What is a survival reflex?

What is a primitive reflex?

Definition

A survival reflex is one that has clear adaptive value. Permanent and non. 

 

A primitive reflex is one that is not clearly useful and generally disappears by age 1.5.

Term

 

Give examples of survival reflexes.

Definition

 

Breathing (perm)

Blinking (perm)

Pupilary Dilation (perm)

Swallowing/Gagging (perm)

Rooting (non - gone by 5mo.)

Suckling (non - gone by 7mo.)

 

Term

 

Give examples of primitive reflexes

Definition

 

Babinsky

Moro

Babkin

Galant

Crawling

Grasping

Term

 

What is the Babinsky Reflex?

Definition

 

A primitive reflex in which fanning and then curling of toes happens when bottom of baby's foot is stroked. 

Term

 

What is Moro reflex?

Definition

 

A primitive reflex in which a loud noise or sudden movement causes baby's arms to throw outwards, arching back, and then brings arms back inward toward each other.

Term

 

What is Babkin reflex?

Definition

 

A primitive reflex in which the application of pressure to baby's palms leads to head flexation, rotation, openeing of the mouth, or a combination of the three. 

Term

 

What is Galant reflex?

Definition

 

A primitive reflex in which the skin alongside the baby's back is stroked, the infant will swing toward the side that was stroked. 

Term

 

What is the peak rate of height and weight growth for boys? girls?

 

Adult height for each?

Definition

 

BH: 13.4y BW: 13.9y

GH: 12.0y GW: 12.5y

 

Adult Height:

B: 18-20y

G: 16y

Term

 

What is sexual maturation?

 

Which hormones to G and B produce?

Definition

 

The increase in adrenal androgens and gonadal hormones and the development of secondary sex characteristics;

 

G: estrogen/progesterone

B: androgens

Term

 

Psychological implications of maturation for Girls? Boys?

Definition

G:  trouble dealing, body concerns, eating disorders, etc. Early maturation is linked to obesity and bulimia. 

 

B: welcome changes, focus on athletic ability and height. Early maturation is linked to substance use. 

Term

 

How do we continue to physically mature in adulthood?

Definition

 

Skin, hair, and weight all change. (around 20% of middle aged persons are considered to be of "healthy" weight.) There is a loss of weight and muscle later on in life. Lifestyle changes generally cause physical changes.  We experience gains in memory and cognitive ability; and independence and satisfaction remain strong. (Though ageism can be detrimental to this.) 


Females hit menopause between ages 45-54; this takes place over a period of 5-10 years. 

Males hit andropause/climacteric around the same time and by age 80, only around 20-50% of original testosterone amount is present.

Term

 

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology?

Definition

 

The study of how genetic systems are expressed during development. "What does that genetic code mean for us?"

Term

 

Ethology

Definition

 

The study of animal behaviour from an evolutionary perspective. 

Term

 

Zygote?

Definition

 

The fusion of an ovum and a sperm.

 

 

Term

 

Chromosomes

Definition

 

The basic units of heredity. 

 

A mature human has only 23 chromosomes.

 

 

Term

 

Genes

Definition

 

Contained in DNA these are a functional sequence of chemicals that provides instructions for amino acid production. 

 

The building blocks of life. 

Term

 

Mitosis

Definition

 

Cell division and replication beginning at conception and continuing throughout the lifespan. 

 

Cancer is mitosis gone wrong. 

Term

 

Meiosis

Definition

 

Cell division that produces reproductive genes. 

Term

 

Phenotype

Definition

 

An outward expression of a genotype.

Term

 

Is a long developmental period to adulthood evolutionarily adaptive?

Definition

 

Yes and no. 

We may die before getting to reproduce, or our caregivers may die. But it allows for social learning, and other psychological developments. 

Term

 

Three causes of genetic disorders?

 

Definition

 

1. regular inheritance: from mother, father, or both.

2. spontaneous mutations: changes in the gene structure producing a new phenotype

3. chromosome abnormalties: too many or few chromosomes at conception. caused by errors during meiosis. (chances increase with parent's age.)

Term

 

Huntington's Disease

cause and symptoms

Definition

 

cause: regular inheritance; dominant gene

symptoms: deterioration of CNS in middle age, associated with dementia and personality changes. 

Term

 

Sickle-Cell Disease

cause and symptoms

Definition

 

cause: original cause is mutation.

symptoms: difficulty breathing, painful joint swelling, but it protects against malaria. 

Term

 

Down Syndrome

cause and symptoms

Definition

 

cause: chromosome abnormalty (trisomy 21)

symptoms: distinctive eye folds, shorter limbs, thick tongues, low intellectual functioning. 

Term

 

Klinefelter Syndrome

 

Definition

 

cause: chromosome abnormalty XXY

symptoms: tall, sterile, development of breasts, normal IQ, lower language and school achievement.

Term

 

Schizophrenia

Definition

 

cause: polygenetic predisposition inheritance

symptoms: disturbances in logical thinking, emotional expression, and social behaviour

Term

 

Things you inherit:

Definition

 

alpha activity in the brain

personality

occupational interests

intelligence

religiosity

social attitudes

Term

 

Methods of Prenatal Detection

Definition

 

Ultrasound: uses sound waves to construct an image. addresses how many fetuses, if fetus is alive, gender, and physical abnormalties. 

Amniocentesis: needle inserted into the abdomen, sample of amniotic fluid is taken and fetal cells are examined for chromosome abnormalties and genetic disorders. 

CVS Chorionic Villus Sampling: catheter inserted through cervix into the membrane surrounding the fetus to extract hair cells containing genetic material. Can address if chromosomes abnormalties or genetic disorders are present. 

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: in vitro fertilization of eggs. "designer babies". 

Maternal Blood Sampling: the least effective method. 

Term

 

What are the three types of gene environment correlation?

Definition

 

1. passive: environment provided for child

2. evocative: environment evoked by child

3. active: environment sought by child

 

the environemnt is likely correlated with genotypes. parents are genetically similar (ie. introversion, happiness, intelligence)

Term

 

Attachement

Definition

 

A strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion. 

 

important for distress regulation. 

Term

 

Internal Working Model

Definition

 

based on interactions, we construct expectations about relationships that guide our social cognitions and behaviours. 

Term

 

Early Attachment

explained

Definition
This begins before birth. There is a strong importance of skin to skin contact and the first two to three weeks are an essential period of time.
Term

 

Infant to Caregiver attachment

Undiscriminating Social Responsiveness

Definition

 

birth-2/3mos. 

 

responsive to voices, faces, and social stimuli from any human. no clear preferences. 

Term

 

Infant to Caregiver attachment

Discriminating Social Responsiveness

Definition

 

2-7mos. 

 

express preferences for familiar companions. direct most interaction and babbling to friends and family, although still friendly to strangers. 

Term

 

Infant to Caregiver attachment

Active Proximity Seeking

"True Attachment"

Definition

 

6mo.-3ys.

 

first form clear relationships; particularly with mothers. Soon form relationships with others. 

Term

 

Infant to Caregiver attachment

Goal Corrected Partnerships

Definition

 

3ys. +

 

more advanced social cognition alllows adjustment of behaviour to achieve goal of mantaining optimal proximity to attachment figure. They no longer care when a parent leaves. (manipulation comes in to play.)

Term

 

Attachment Styles

(4)

Definition

1. secure

2. avoidant

3. resistant

4. disorganized

Term

 

Attachment Styles


Explores when caregiver is present to provide a secure base. 

 

Definition

s - actively

a - play not as constructive

r - clings

d - all over the place

Term

 

Attachment Styles

 

Responds positively to strangers?

Definition

s - comfortable

a - indifferent

r - fearful

d - confused

Term

 

Attachment Styles

 

Protests when separated from caregiver?

Definition

s - moderately

a - unfazed 

r - very upset

d - unpredictable

Term

 

Attachment Styles

 

responds positively to caregiver at reunion?

Definition

s - happy

a - disinterested

r - seeks contact, but angry

d - unpredictable

Term

 

The "critical age" of attachment:

Definition

6mo. - 1yr. 

 

attachment style comes from initial caregivers. adoption may cause disorganized style of attachment if not adopted right away. 

Term

 

What are the "play years"?

Definition

 

2-5yrs. 

 

Children spend more time with their peers and gender segregation becomes apparent. 

(b - packs; g - pairs)

 

Term

 

Unoccupied Play

Definition

 

not doing a whole lot as far as social interaction or attachment and are not super engaged in play. 

Term

 

Solitary Play

Definition

 

playing along, but highly engaged

Term

 

Onlooker Play

Definition

 

watching others play but not directly participating. 

Term

 

parallel play

Definition

 

playing next to one another. doing the same thing, but not interacting much. 

Term

 

associative play

Definition

 

interacting by swapping materials, conversing, or following, but they're not united, just interacting. 

Term

 

cooperative play

Definition

 

unite to achieve a common goal, cooperating and dividing tasks. 

Term

 

Why is play important?

Definition

 

It helps children prepare for adulthood and try out gender roles. It fosters cognitive, motor, and social development. It helps children cope with emotional problems. It contributes to everything in life. 

Term

 

Social Statuses

Definition

Popular: well liked by most, rarely disliked

rejected: rarely liked, often disliked

neglected: neither liked nor disliked, isolated and often invisible

controversial: liked by many, disliked by many. 

average: moderate on both scales. 

Term

 

Evolutionary Perspective on Teen Romance

Definition
evolved tendency to compete with peers for mates. engaging in sexual experimentation with several partners seems to be adaptive. this is helpful in determining where you fall as far as who you are compatible with.
Term

 

Four Phases of Teen Romance

Definition

1. initiation: early adolescence - a focus on the self, coming to see oneself as a person capable of relating to members of the opposite sex in a romantic way. 

2. status: mid-ado - peer approval is what counts. having a relationship with the right kind of partner is important for status within peer group. 

3. affection: late-ado - focus on relationship, rather than self-concept or peers. relationships become more personal and caring. friends provide advice and emotional support. 

4. bonding: transition to early adulthood - emotional intimacy achieved in affection phase is couple with long-term commitment to create a lasting attachment bond. 

Term

 

Four Major Adult Attachment Styles

Definition
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