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Developmental Theory
developmental theory
8
Nursing
Graduate
05/19/2011

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Cards

Term

Erikson's Stages of personality development

infancy: birth to 18 months

Definition

Ego Development Outcome: Trust vs. Mistrust

Basic strength: Drive and Hope

Oral Sensory Stage 

  •  emphasis on the mother's positive and loving care for the child, big emphasis on visual contact and touch.
  •  we will learn to trust 
  •  If we fail to experience trust and our needs are not met, we may end up with a deep-seated feeling of worthlessness and a mistrust of the world in general.
Term

Erikson

early childhood

18 months to 3 years

Definition

Ego Development Outcome: Autonomy vs. Shame

Basic Strengths: Self-control, Courage, and Will

  •  master skills for ourselves.
  • learn to walk, talk and feed ourselves, 
  •  learning fine motor development 
  •  toilet training. 
  •  opportunity to build self-esteem and autonomy 
  •  learning right from wrong.
  • "Terrible Two's" is our ability to use the powerful word "NO!"
  •  we can be very vulnerable.
  • If we're shamed in the process of toilet training or in learning other important skills, we may feel great shame and doubt of our capabilities and suffer low self-esteem as a result.
  • The most significant relationships are with parents
Term

Erikson

Play Age: 3 to 5 Years

Definition

Ego Development Outcome: Initiative vs. Guilt

Basic Strength: Purpose

  •  we experience a desire to copy the adults around us
  •  take initiative in creating play situations.
  • We make up stories with Barbie's and Ken's, toy phones, miniature cars
  • playing out roles in a trial universe, experimenting with the blueprint for what we believe it means to be an adult.
  • We also begin to use that wonderful word for exploring the world—"WHY?"
Term

Erikson

School Age: 6 to 12 Years

Definition

Ego Development Outcome: Industry vs. Inferiority

Basic Strengths: Method and Competence

  •  Latency, 
  •  capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge,
  • developing a sense of industry.
  • This is also a very social stage and if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers, we can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem.
  • most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. Parents are no longer the complete authorities, although they are still important.
Term

Erikson

Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years

Definition

Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Basic Strengths: Devotion and Fidelity

  •  development depends primarily upon what we do.
  • life is definitely getting more complex as we attempt to find our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues.
  • Our task is to discover who we are as individuals separate from our family of origin and as members of a wider society.
  • Unfortunately for those around us, in this process many of us go into a period of withdrawing from responsibilities, which Erikson called a "moratorium." And if we are unsuccessful in navigating this stage, we will experience role confusion and upheaval.
  • A significant task for us is to establish a philosophy of life 
  •  tend to think in terms of ideals, which are conflict free, rather than reality, which is not.
  •  we don't have much experience and find it easy to substitute ideals for experience.
  • develop strong devotion to friends and causes.
  • It is no surprise that our most significant relationships are with peer groups
Term

Erikson

Young adulthood: 18 to 35

Definition

Ego Development Outcome: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation

Basic Strengths: Affiliation and Love

  • seek one or more companions and love.
  •  find mutually satisfying relationships, primarily through marriage and friends,
  •  begin to start a family,
  •  If negotiating this stage is successful, we can experience intimacy on a deep level.
  • If we're not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur.
  • when we don't find it easy to create satisfying relationships, our world can begin to shrink as, in defense, we can feel superior to others.
  • Our significant relationships are with marital partners and friends.
Term

Erikson

Middle Adulthood: 35 to 55 or 65

Definition

Ego Development Outcome: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation

Basic Strengths: Production and Care

  • Now work is most crucial.
  • we tend to be occupied with creative and meaningful work and with issues surrounding our family.
  • is when we can expect to "be in charge," the role we've longer envied.
  • The significant task is to perpetuate culture and transmit values of the culture through the family (taming the kids) and working to establish a stable environment.
  • Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society, generativity,
  • when we're in this stage we often fear inactivity and meaninglessness.
  • As our children leave home, or our relationships or goals change, we may be faced with major life changes—the mid-life crisis—and struggle with finding new meanings and purposes.
  • If we don't get through this stage successfully, we can become self-absorbed and stagnate.
  • Significant relationships are within the workplace, the community and the family
Term

Erikson

Late Adulthood: 55 or 65 to Death

Definition

Ego Development Outcome: Integrity vs. Despair

Basic Strengths: Wisdom

  •  as older adults we can often look back on our lives with happiness and are content,
  • feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and we've made a contribution to life, integrity.
  • Our strengt h comes from a wisdom that the world is very large and we now have a detached concern for the whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life.
  • some adults may reach this stage and despair at their experiences and perceived failures.
  •  may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wondering "Was the trip worth it?"
  •  they may feel they have all the answers (not unlike going back to adolescence) and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct.
  • The significant relationship is with all of mankind—"my-kind."
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