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Developmental Pysch
Points/Notes from the Fourth Edition of Essentials of Life-Span Development (Santrock)
71
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/16/2015

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Term
Pre-Operational
Definition
Kids see the world with words, images, and drawings.
Term
Concrete Operations
Definition
Child can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically about specific or concrete examples.
Term
Formal Operations
Definition
Beyond Concrete experiences and involves abstract and logical thinking.
Term
Three kinds of temperament
Definition

1. Easy

2. Difficult

3. Slow-to-warm-up

Term
Four Attachment Styles
Definition

1. Securely Attached

2. Insecure Attached

3. Insecure Resistant

4. Insecure Disorganized.

Term
Egocentrism
Definition
Inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.
Term
Centration
Definition
Centering of attention on one characters to the exclusion of all others.
Term
Animism
Definition
The belief that inanimate objexts have life-like qualities and are capable of action.
Term
Vygotsky's Social Constructivits Approach
Definition
Emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction.
Term
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Definition
Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance of adults or more skilled children.
Term
Scaffolding
Definition

Changing the level of support.

(A teacher or advanced peer adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the child's current performance.)

Term
Phonology
Definition
The sound system of a language, including the sounds taht are used and how they may be combined.
Term
Morphology
Definition
The units of meaning involved in word formation.
Term
Erickson's Third Stage
Definition
Initiative Versus Guilt
Term
Gender
Definition
Social and Psychological dimensions of being male or female.
Term
Gender Identity
Definition
Sense of being male or female.
Term
Gender Roles
Definition
Sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel.
Term
Social Role Theory
Definition
Contrasting roles of women and men.
Term
Authoritarian Parenting
Definition
Restrictive, Punitive style demanding obedience and respect.
Term
Authoritiative Parenting
Definition
Encourages independence but still places limits and controls.
Term
Neglectful Parenting
Definition
Parent is very uninvolved in the child's life.
Term
Indulgent Parenting
Definition
Highly involved with but place few demands or controls.
Term
Play
Definition
Pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake.
Term
Dyslexia
Definition
Individuals that have a severe impairment in their ability to read and spell.
Term
Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Definition
Children who show inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity often.
Term
Dysgraphia
Definition
Difficulty in writing.
Term
Dyscalculia
Definition
Difficulty in math computation.
Term
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Definition
Disorders are characterized in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors.
Term
Convergent Thinking
Definition
Produces one correct answer.
Term
Divergent Thinking
Definition
Produces many different answers to the same question and characterizes creativity.
Term
Analytical Intelligence(Sternberg)
Definition
Ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare and contrast.
Term
Creative Intelligence(Sternberg)
Definition
Ability to create, design, invent, originate and imagine.
Term
Practical Intelligence(Sternberg)
Definition
The ability to use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice.
Term
Gradner's Eight Types of Intelligence
Definition
1. Verbal
2. Mathematical
3. Spatial
4. Bodily-Kinesthetic
5. Musical
6. Interpersonal
7. Intrapersonal
8. Naturalists
Term
Self-Esteem
Definition
Global evaluations of the self; self-worth or self-image.
Term
Self-Concept
Definition
Domain-Specific evaluations of the self.
Term
Self-Efficacy
Definition
Belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.
Term
Self-Regulation
Definition
Deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement.
Term
Erikson's 4th Stage
Definition
Industry Versus Inferiority
Term
Androgyny
Definition
The presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same person.
Term
Types of Stepfamilies
Definition
Stepfather, Stepmother, and Blending or Complex
Term
Latchkey Children
Definition
Children who use the key to their home to let themselves in after school while their parents are still at work.
Term
Sociometric Status
Definition
Describes the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group.
Term
Five Peer Statuses
Definition
Popular Children, Neglected Children, Rejected Children, Average Children, and COntroversial Children.
Term
Constructivist Approach
Definition
Learner-Centered approach that emphasizes the importance of indiuduals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Term
Direct Instruction Approach
Definition
Structured, Teacher-centered approach charachterized by teacher direction and control, high expectations for students' progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks.
Term
Puberty
Definition
Period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes.
Term
Three Leading Causes of Death in Adolescences
Definition
Accidents, Homicide, and Suicide.
Term
Anorexa Nervosa
Definition
Eating disorder that involves the relentless pursute of thinness.
Term
Bulimia Nervosa
Definition
Eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern.
Term
Adolescent Egocentrism
Definition
Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
Term
Top-Dog Phenonmenon
Definition
Moving from being the oldest, biggest and most powerful to being the youngest, smallest and least powerful students.
Term
Service Learning
Definition
Form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community.
Term
Erickson's Fifth Stage
Definition
Identity Versus Identity Confusion
Term
Marcia's Four Statuses of Identity
Definition
Identity Diffusion, Identity Foreclosure, Identity Moratorium, Identity Achievement.
Term
Ethnic identity
Definition
Enduring aspect of the self that includes a sens of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
Term
Bicultural Identity
Definition
Adolescents identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture.
Term
Rite of Passage
Definition
Ceremony or ritual that marks an individaul's transition from one status to another.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
Absorption of thenic minority groups into the dominant group.
Term
Pluralism
Definition
Coexistence of distinct ethnic and cultural groups in the same society.
Term
Four Problems that affect most adolescents.
Definition

1. Drug abuse

2. Juvenile Delinquecy

3. Sexual Problems.

4. School-related Problems

Term
Theory
Definition
A coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and to make predictions.
Term
Hypotheses
Definition
Assertions or predictions, often derived from theories, that can be tested.
Term
Erikson's First Stage
Definition
Trust Versus Mistrust
Term
Erikson's Second Stage
Definition
Autonomy Versus Shame and Doubt
Term
Vygotsky's Theory
Definition
A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Term
Independent Variable
Definition
A manipulated, infuential experimental factor.(Experimental Group)
Term
Dependent Variable
Definition
A factor that can change in an experiment, in responses to independent variable. (Control Group)
Term
Imaginary Audience
Definition
Involves adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are; attention-getting behavior motivated by desire to be noticed, visible, and "on stage."
Term
Personal Fable
Definition
The part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent's sense of uniqueness and invincibility (or invulnerability).
Term
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
Definition
A person's mental age divided by chronological age and multipled by 100.
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