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Developmental Psychology - Exam 2
Exam 2
87
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
03/07/2013

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Term
"clean your plate" policy
Definition
"Eat dinner and you can have desert"; can lead to overweight child
Term
"Just right" phenomenon
Definition
When children insist on certain routines and foods; they may wish for food to be arranged a certain way on their plate.
Term
Myelination
Definition
Process that gives axons a fatty coating which speeds up the transmission of nerve pulses.
Term
Lateralization
Definition
A phenomenon that occurs due to the corpus calossum, which divides the brain; right side of brain controls actions performed with left side of body and vice versa.
Term
Perseveration
Definition
Tendency of children to stick to one action, such as watching their favorite Care Bears video over and over.
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Includes: Amygdala (controls emotion, especially fear & anxiety), hippocampus (controls memory, especially the memory of locations), and hypothalamus (responds to the amygdala and hippocampus, produces hormones)
Term
Gross motor skills
Definition
Skills performed with the entire body, such as riding a bike.
Term
Fine motor skills
Definition
Skills performed with hands and fingers; requires fine movements, includes actions such as pouring a glass of juice.
Term
Injury control
Definition
Aims to predict and prevent possible injury; includes implementing safety helmets, safety seats for children in cars, etc.
Term
Primary Prevention
Definition
Changes conditions of surroundings in order to make a safer environment (placing warning signs on the side of the road)
Term
Secondary Prevention
Definition
Prevents harm in high-risk situations (applying the brakes in a car when someone is crossing the road in front of you)
Term
Tertiary Prevention
Definition
Occurs after injury; prevents further damage to the person injured (ambulance arriving at the scene to attend to a person hit by a car)
Term
Child Maltreatment
Definition
Intentional harm to anyone under 18.
Term
Child Abuse
Definition
Deliberate physical, emotional, or sexual damage to a child.
Term
Child Neglect
Definition
Failure to meet a child's physical, educational, or emotional needs.
Term
Preoperational Period
Definition
2nd Piaget stage of children ages 2-6; says that a child cannot logically reason, but is not limited to sensorimotor skills either.
Term
Centration:
Definition
Focusing on one aspect of a situation; for example, a child may insist that a lion is not a cat, because he or she is familiar with the concept of a housecat.
Term
Focus on Appearance
Definition
The phenomenon where children exclude thoughts of other attributes which are not outwardly apparent; for example, a girl who gets her hair cut short may believe she is a boy.
Term
Static Reasoning
Definition
When children believe that the world is unchanging; a boy may insist that the television showing his favorite program is turned off when he goes the bathroom, expecting the program to resume where it left off when he returns, having not missed anything.
Term
Irreversibility
Definition
When children think nothing can be undone; when a piece of lettuce is put on their burger, it is no longer "just right", and therefore never can be again.
Term
Animism
Definition
The belief that natural objects are alive and that magical phenomena occur regularly.
Term
Scaffolding
Definition
Temporary help in which an adult helps a child accomplish certain tasks; they may help guide their hands when mixing cake batter, or point to certain places on the page when reading a picture book to help the child learn to read.
Term
Theory-Theory
Definition
When children build theories to explain the world around them; for example, they may believe that breasts exist solely to feed babies.
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
A person's theory of what someone else is thinking. This requires a realization that other people's thoughts are different from their own, which rarely occurs in children before age 4.
Term
Fast-Mapping
Definition
The process of children learning new words by hearing a word and placing it into a category according to the word's perceived meaning, whether they know the definition of the word or not.
Term
Logical Extension
Definition
When children use a learned word to describe other objects in the same category; they may call a spotted cow a "dalmation cow".
Term
Overregularization
Definition
Applying regular rules in unnecessary situations, assuming that the rules are unchanging; this can include adding an "s" to words such as "foots" and "mouses" to make them plural.
Term
Child-Center Programs
Definition
Inspired by Piaget, these schools stress children's development and growth, and emphasize a child's needs; encourage artistic expression.
Term
Teacher-Directed Programs
Definition
Stress academics and schedules; prepares children for kindergarten / grade school.
Term
Intervention Programs
Definition
Preschool programs that are designed for low-income families in an attempt to make children of low-income families intellectually equal with all other children.
Term
Emotional Regulation
Definition
The ability of a child to control emotions and not lash out and react irrationally to situations that upset them.
Term
Initiative vs. Guilt
Definition
Erikson's stage where children try new things and may either feel successful for accomplishing them or ashamed for messing up.
Term
Intrinsic Motivation
Definition
Doing something to please yourself; young children find this when playing alone, building a castle of blocks.
Term
Extrinsic Motivation
Definition
Doing something to gain some sort of external reward.
Term
Psychopathology
Definition
Literally means "disease of the mind".
Term
Solitary Play
Definition
Children play alone, away from each other.
Term
Rough-and-Tumble
Definition
Children will play fight, but purely for entertainment; they have fun and never intentionally hurt one another.
Term
Sociodramatic Play
Definition
Children acting out certain scenarios related to their culture or something they've witnessed in media.
Term
Authoritarian
Definition
Parents set strict rules and guidelines for their children and pay no regard to child input or opinions.
Term
Passive
Definition
The parents believe that they should not be responsible for shaping their children's lives, and are very warm and supportive.
Term
Authoritative
Definition
Parents set rules and guildelines, but also accept input from their children, listen to their opinions, and pay attention to what they want.
Term
Empathy
Definition
Feeling sorry with someone (in that you actually feel their pain alone with them, not just feeling sorry FOR them)
Term
Antipathy
Definition
Feeling hate towards someone
Term
Prosocial Behavior
Definition
Behavior that benefits someone else with no perceived personal gain.
Term
Antisocial Behavior
Definition
Behavior that solely emphasizes personal gain.
Term
Relational Aggression
Definition
Doing something to damage someone's reputation
Term
Sex; gender
Definition
___ is biological; ______ is cultural.
Term
Classification
Definition
A logical process where things are organized into groups; for example, family includes siblings, parents, etc. This occurs in Piaget's concrete operational thought stage.
Term
Transitive Inference
Definition
The ability to determine an unspoken link between one fact and another; for example, the John>Jim>David problem. This is related to the Hippocampus.
Term
Seriation
Definition
Knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical series; for example, learning the alphabet.
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
The stage of memory where incoming stimulus is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed; if the brain determines the sensation to be important enough, it will become a perception.
Term
Working Memory
Definition
Also known as short-term memory; the component of memory where current conscious mental activity occurs; the memory that is stored for the here and now.
Term
Long-term Memory
Definition
Limitless amounts of memory which can be stored indefinitely
Term
Pragmatics
Definition
Practical use of language; language can be adjusted to fit context (for example, you would not talk to your boss the same way you talk to your best friend)
Term
Industry vs. Inferiority
Definition
Erikson's Fourth stage, where children attempt to master skills and are proud for succeeding or embarrassed for failing.
Term
Social Comparison
Definition
Comparing one's attributes to those of other people
Term
Effortful Control
Definition
Ability to deliberately modify emotions and actions; reduced by high self-esteem.
Term
Resilience
Definition
Capacity to adapt well to SIGNIFICANT adversity and overcome stress.
Term
Shared Environment
Definition
An environment where two people share the same experience; for example, two sisters living in the same house.
Term
Nonshared Environment
Definition
One's personal, non-shared experiences; for example, a girl in grade school and her sister in high school would have two completely different experiences.
Term
Family Function
Definition
The way a family works to meet the needs of its members.
Term
Nuclear Family
Definition
Two parents and any children under 18.
Term
Single-Parent Family
Definition
One parent and any children under 18.
Term
Extended Family
Definition
Parents, children, and other family members such as grandparents, aunts and uncles living under the same roof.
Term
Family-Stress Model
Definition
When families decide whether to do something and ask "would this increase stress for the family?"
Term
Culture of the Child
Definition
A "hidden curriculum" of sorts passed from older to younger children, which can include games, superstitions, and songs / rhymes.
Term
Aggressive-Rejected
Definition
When a child is rejected due to antagonistic behavior.
Term
Withdrawn-Rejected
Definition
When a child is rejected due to behaving too withdrawn / timid.
Term
Bullying
Definition
Includes Physical, verbal, and relational abuse from one child to another; is REPEATED.
Term
Preconventional Stage (Kohlberg)
Definition
Emphasizes reward / punishment.
Term
Conventional Stage (Kohlberg)
Definition
Emphasizes social roles
Term
Postconvential Stage (Kohlberg)
Definition
Emphasizes moral principles
Term
Neighborhood
Definition
A place for children to play that is flexible; games and rules can be adjusted.
Term
School
Definition
A place for children to be instructed in physical activity.
Term
Athletic Clubs / Leagues
Definition
A place for organized play, but some children may be left out for not being "good enough".
Term
Childhood Obesity
Definition
A child who has a BMI above the 95th percentile.
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others; improves at around age 7. Allows children to listen, take notes, and ignore distractions.
Term
Automization
Definition
A process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought.
Term
Principles of Developmental Psychology
Definition
This includes:
1. Abnormality is normal
2. Disability changes year by year
3. Life may be better or worse in adulthood
4. Diagnosis and treatment reflect the social context.
Term
Attention-Deficit Disorder
Definition
Disorder where a child has difficulty paying attention.
Term
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Definition
A condition in which a person has not only difficulty concentrating, but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
Term
Learning Disability
Definition
A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by mental retardation, or by an unusually stressful home environment (dyslexia is the most common example of this)
Term
Autism
Definition
A developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people normally, extreme self-absorption, and an inability to acquire normal speech.
Term
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Definition
Any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social skills, impaired communication, and unusual play.
Term
Asperger's Syndrome
Definition
Technically "high-functioning autism"
Term
Least Restrictive Environment
Definition
A legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general educational context in which they can be expected to learn.
Term
Individual Education Plan
Definition
A document that specifies educational goals and plans for a child with special needs.
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