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Developmental Psychology- Exam I
Important terms and concepts from Chapters 1-3
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
09/16/2011

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Term
Issues in Developmental Research
Definition
I. Nature-Nurture Issue: Biology vs. Socialization
II. Life Continuity vs. Discontinuity/Stages
III. Character shaped by Childhood Experiences vs. Adult Experiences
Term
Psychoanalytical Theory
Definition
Each child is unique

Series of stages with conflict/resolution, the outcomes of which determines adult character.

Proposed by Freud in his Psychosexual Theory.
Term
Psychosexual Theory
Definition
Psychoanalytical Theory proposed by Freud which focuses on the unconscious and sexual and aggressive drives.

Lack of empirical proof, dated, limited subjects. Not generally accepted anymore.
Term
Freud and the Personality
Definition
Id- Desires, drives (sex and aggression)

Superego- Conscience, morality

Ego- Reality, the compromise between the id and the superego.
Term
The Psychosexual Stages
Definition
Oral (B- 1 yr)= breastfeeding

Anal (1-3 yr)= potty training

Phallic (3-6 yr)= Oedipus/Electra Complex

Latency (6- puberty)= Social and Intellectual Development

Genital (Puberty- d)= Successful relationships achieved by not fixating too much in earlier stages.
Term
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
Definition
Childhood and later life determine character, not only pre-puberty.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
Pavlov

Trained association
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
Watson

Conditioning to create characters

Concept of "tabula rasa"

"Little Albert" experiment
Term
Observational Modeling
Definition
Children imitate behavior. Children choose what to imitate, possible to imitate thought patterns.
Term
Cognitive Development Theory
Definition
Piaget

Assimilation and Accommodation: new knowledge is organized into pre-existing schemas, new schemas are created to accommodate new information.
Term
Ethological Theory
Definition
Loren- imprinting: rapid, innate learning in critical period

Bowlby's Attachment Theory- Bond with caregiver as an infant
Term
Eclectic Theory Orientation
Definition
Researchers pick and choose elements from different theories.
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
1. Identify problem
2. Collect data
3. Use statistic to analyze data
4. Draw conclusions
Term
Theory and Hypothesis
Definition
Set of ideas that helps to explain and allows us to make predictions

Idea being tested, prediction
Term
Ways of Collecting Data
Definition
Observation/Pattern of Results (Lab vs. Naturalistic)

Survey

Interview

Physiological Measures

Case Study- Detailed investigation of 1+ people
Term
Correlational Research
Definition
Examines the relationship between variables.

Correlation Coefficient (between -1 and 1)
If positive, variables increase/decrease together.
If negative, as one variable increases, the other decreases.
Term
Experimental Research
Definition
Manipulation of variables.

Independent variable- what is manipulated
Dependent variable- what is measured

Experimental group- group receives treatment
Control Group- group does not receive treatment

Cross-sectional approach- different ages of individuals compared
Longitudinal Study- Study same individuals over long time span.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
Favors the best adapted to survive/reproduce.

Adaptive Behavior- behavior that promotes survival (crying, taste preference, taste aversion)
Term
Chromosome
Definition
Tightly coiled strands of DNA which stores and transmits genetic information.
Term
Genes
Definition
Segments of DNA that determine characteristics of offspring.
Term
DNA
Definition
Long double-helix molecule, life bluprint
Term
Genotype
Definition
All genetic material
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Directly expressed traits. What is observed.
Term
Allele
Definition
Gene
Term
Dominant
Definition
The allele that is normally expressed
Term
Recessive
Definition
Allele only expressed if both are recessive
Term
Dominant-Recessive Genes Principle
Definition
Recessive gene only expressed if both are present
Term
Homozygous
Definition
Alleles from both parents are the same
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Alleles from both parents are different
Term
Sex-linked Genes
Definition
Mutated gene carried on X chromosome, most recessive
Term
Genetic imprinting
Definition
Alleles are chemically marked, silencing the dominant gene.
Term
Polygenetic Inheritance
Definition
Many genes determine characteristics
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
A chromosomal abnormality resulting from an extra copy of Chromosome #21. Thought to be the result of old eggs/sperm.

Individual is short, flat faced, has a protruding tongue, upwards slanting eyes, and health issues.
Term
Klinefelter Syndrome
Definition
A sex-linked chromosomal abnormality where individual has extra x (XXY syndrome).

Individual is male with secondary female characteristics such as breast growth, abnormal fat distribution, no/little sperm
Term
Turner Syndrome
Definition
A sex-linked chromosomal abnormality where the father's sperm lacked a chromosome or one of the X chromosomes is defective.

Individuals appear female but have non-functional or non-existent ovaries.
Term
Growth of Reproductive Organs
Definition
X and Y chromosomes cause the gonads (testes/ovaries) to form in utero. The gonads generate hormones which stimulate the growth of the reproductive organs. A defect in chromosomes, therefore, will affect sexual maturation.
Term
XYY Syndrome
Definition
Random genetic error resulting in tall and thin individuals, "supermales," often with severe acne, antisocial/behavioral issues, and learning issues. Not more aggressive.
Term
PKU
Definition
Phenylketonuria.

Individuals are unable to break down phynylalanine. As it builds up, it causes the nervous system to malfunction, resulting in mental retardation and weird odor. Preventable with phenyl-free diet.
Term
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Definition
Gene-linked abnormality where red blood cells are misshapen. Most common in those of African descent.

Heterozygous carriers can be cured on malaria by sickling the cells in low-oxygen conditions.
Term
Pre-Natal Diagnostics
Definition
Ultrasound Sonography

Chorionic Villi Sampling (testing placenta sample)

Amniocentesis

Maternal Blood Screening
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