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Developmental First Midterm
Pre-natal to Child
148
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
03/22/2011

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Term
genetic epistemology
Definition
the study of how children's knowledge changes over the course of development.
Term
prenatal period
Definition
conception to birth
Term
infancy
Definition
birth to 18-24 months
Term
early childhood
Definition
2-6 years (preschool years)
Term
middle childhood
Definition
6-11 years (elementary school years)
Term
adolescence
Definition
11-12 to 18-22 years
Term
continuity discontinuity issue
Definition
the issue regarding whether development involves gradual cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)
Term
early-later experience issue
Definition
the debate between whether early experiences (infancy) or later experiences are more key determinants to child development.
Term
Freud's Stages
Definition
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency Stage
5. Genital Stage
Term
Erikson's Theory
Definition
Includes 8 stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved
Term
Erikson's Stages
Definition
1. Trust Versus Mistrust (infancy)
2. Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt (1-3)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-5)
4. Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
5. Identity vs Identity Confusion (10-20)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (20s 30s)
7. Generativity vs Stagnation (40s 50s)
8. Integrity vs Despair (60s till DEATH)
Term
Piaget's Theory
Definition
States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.
Term
Piaget's Stages
Definition
1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Pre-Operational Stage
3. Concrete Operational Stage
4. Formal Operational Stage
Term
Sensorimotor Stage
Definition
The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage.
Term
Pre-Operational Stage
Definition
The child begins to represent the world with words and images. These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action.
Term
Concrete Operational
Definition
The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets.
Term
Formal Operational
Definition
The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways.
Term
Vgotskys Theory
Definition
A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Term
Information Processing Theory
Definition
Emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this theory are the processes of memory and thinking.
Term
Social Cognitive Theory
Definition
The view of psychologist who emphasize behavior environment and cognition as the key factors to development.
Term
ethology
Definition
the view that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.
Term
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory
Definition
An environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem.
Term
Eclectic Theoretical Orientation
Definition
An orientation hat does not follow any one theoretical approach but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it.
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
observing behavior in real world settings
Term
descriptive research
Definition
a research design that has the purpose of observing and recording behavior
Term
correlational research
Definition
a research design whose goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
Term
correlational coefficient
Definition
a number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between two variables
Term
cross sectional approach
Definition
a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at onetime
Term
longitudinal approach
Definition
a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time usually several years or more
Term
ethnic gloss
Definition
the use of an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogenous than it really is.
Term
evolutionary psychology
Definition
branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation reproduction and survival of the fittest
Term
genotype
Definition
a persons genetic heritage the actual genetic material
Term
phenotype
Definition
the way an individuals genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics.
Term
Down Syndrome
Definition
a chromosomally transmitted form of mental retardation, caused by the extra copy of chromosome 21
Term
Klinefelters Syndrome
Definition
A genetic disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome making them XXY instead of XY. small testes enlarged breast tall diminished language skills
Term
Fragile X Syndrome
Definition
A genetic disorder involving an abnormality in the x chromosome which becomes constricted and often breaks. Prominent ears, high arched palate, soft skin, retardation
Term
Turner Syndrome
Definition
A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X is making or the 2nd X is partially deleted. webbed neck mental deficiency
Term
XYY Syndrome
Definition
A chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra Y chromosome.
Term
PKU
Definition
A genetic disorder in which the individual cannot properly metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. PKU is now easily detected-but if left untreated, results in retardation.
Term
sickle-cell anemia
Definition
A genetic disorder that affects the red blood cells and occurs most often in people of African descent.
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
A prenatal procedure in which high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman's abdomen. The echo of the sounds is transformed into a visual representation of the fetus's inner structure.
Term
Fetal MRI
Definition
magnetic resonance imaging that can see fetal abnormalities
Term
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Definition
Between 9.5-12.5 weeks a small section of the placenta is removed and can be tested for genetic and chromosomal deformities.
Term
Amniocentesis
Definition
Syringe takes amniotic fluid out at 14-20 weeks can test for chromosomal and genetic deformities. Small risk of miscarriage.
Term
passive genotype-environment correlations
Definition
Correlations that exist when the biological parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.
Term
evocative genotype-environment correlations
Definition
correlations that exist when the child's characteristics elicit certain types of physical and social environments.
Term
active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations
Definition
correlations that exist when children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating.
Term
shared environmental experiences
Definition
siblings' common experiences, such as their parents' personalities and intellectual orientation, the family's socioeconomic status and the neighborhood in which they live.
Term
nonshared environment experiences
Definition
the childs own unique experiences both within the family and outside the family that are not shared by another sibling
Term
epigenetic view
Definition
emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment.
Term
gene X environment (G X E) interaction
Definition
the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment.
Term
Germinal Period
Definition
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the zygote, continued the cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
Term
blastocyst
Definition
The inner mass of cells that develops during the germinal period. These cells later develop into the embryo.
Term
trophoblast
Definition
the outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells later provide nutrition and support for the embryo.
Term
embryonic period
Definition
the period of prenatal development that occurs two to eight weeks after conception. during the embryonic, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear.
Term
endoderm
Definition
the inner layer of cells, which develops into digestive and respiratory systems.
Term
mesoderm
Definition
the middle layer of cells, which becomes the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system and reproductive system.
Term
ectoderm
Definition
the outermost layer of cells which becomes the CNS and brain and skin parts.
Term
amnion
Definition
the life support system that is a thin bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
Term
umbilical cord
Definition
contains two arteries and one vein, and connects the baby to the placenta.
Term
placenta
Definition
Consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwined but don't join.
Term
organogenesis
Definition
process of organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development.
Term
fetal period
Definition
the prenatal period of development that begins two months after conception and last for seven months on average until birth.
Term
neurogenesis
Definition
the formation of new neurons
Term
teratogen
Definition
any agent that can potentially cause a physical birth defect.
Term
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Definition
Alcohol passes through placenta and causes the retardation
Term
afterbirth
Definition
the third stage of birth when the placenta umbilical cord and other membranes are detached and expelled.
Term
doula
Definition
a caregiver who provides continuous support before during and after birth
Term
analgesics
Definition
drugs used to alleviate pain, such as tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics
Term
anesthesia
Definition
drugs used in late first stage labor and during expulsion of the baby to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness.
Term
oxytocin
Definition
a synthetic hormone that is used to stimulate contractions
Term
natural childbirth
Definition
a method to reduce the mothers pain and fear by education about breathing methods and relaxation techniques for use during delivery.
Term
prepared childbirth
Definition
Lamaze. Controlled breathing and pushing during pregnancy to alleviate pain.
Term
Apgar Scale
Definition
a widely used method to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. The Apgar Scale evaluates infant's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability.
Term
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Definition
A test performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth to asses newborns neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people.
Term
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
Definition
An offspring of the NBAS the NNNS provides a more comprehensive analysis of the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities.
Term
low birth weight
Definition
below 5.5 pounds
Term
preterm infants
Definition
babies born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term.
Term
small for date (small for gestational age) infants
Definition
babies whose birth weights are below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered.
Term
kangaroo care
Definition
a way of holding a preterm infant so that there is skin to skin contact
Term
postpartum period
Definition
the period after childbirth thats about 6 weeks where women adjust to not childbearing
Term
involution
Definition
the process by which the uterus returns to normal size
Term
postpartum depression
Definition
involves a major depressive episode characterized by strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair in new mothers, making it difficult for them to carry out daily tasks.
Term
bonding
Definition
a close connection, especially a physical bond between parents and their newborn in the period shortly after birth
Term
cepholocaudal pattern
Definition
the sequence in which earliest growth always starts at the head and works its way to the bottom.
Term
proximodistal pattern
Definition
the sequence in which growth starts in the center of body and moves towards the extremities.
Term
lateralization
Definition
specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex of the other.
Term
SIDS
Definition
sudden infant death syndrome. a condition that occurs when an infant stops breathing usually during the night and dies without apparent cause.
Term
marasmus
Definition
a wasting away of body tissues in the infants first year, caused by severe protein-calorie deficiency.
Term
kwashiorkor
Definition
a condition caused by a severe deficiency in protein in which the child's abdomen and feet become swollen with water; usually appears between 1-3 years of age.
Term
dynamic systems theory
Definition
the perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor skills are assembled for perceiving and acting.
Term
reflexes
Definition
built in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control.
Term
rooting reflex
Definition
an infants reflex to suck on something that touches its cheek.
Term
sucking reflex
Definition
an automatic response to suck on anything placed in the babys mouth.
Term
Moro Reflex
Definition
a neonatal startle response that involves arching its back throwing its head back and flinging out its arms.
Term
Babinski Reflex
Definition
Fans out toes and twist their feet inward when the bottom of their foot is touched.
Term
grasping reflex
Definition
a reflex that when the infants palm is touched they grasp tightly
Term
gross motor skills
Definition
motor skills that involve large muscle activities such as walking.
Term
fine motor skills
Definition
motor skills that involve finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity.
Term
size constancy
Definition
the recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image changes as you move to and from the object
Term
shape constancy
Definition
the recognition that an objects shape stays the same despite its orientation
Term
intermodal perception
Definition
the ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities such as vision and hearing.
Term
Schemes
Definition
In Piaget: actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
Term
assimilation
Definition
Piaget concept of the incorporation of new information into existing schemes.
Term
assimilation
Definition
Piaget concept of the incorporation of new information into existing schemes.
Term
accommodation
Definition
Piaget concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences.
Term
organization
Definition
Piaget concept of grouping isolated behaviors and thought into a higher-order system, a more smoothly functioning cognitive system.
Term
equilibration
Definition
a mechanism that Piaget proposed to explain how children shift from one stage of thought to the next.
Term
Sensorimotor Substages
Definition
1. Simple Reflexes (0-1 months)
2. First Habits and primary circular reactions (1-4)
3. Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
4. Coordination of secondary circular reaction
(8-12 months)
5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity (12-18 months)
6. Internalization of Schemes (18-24 months)
Term
1. Simple Reflexes
Definition
Piaget 1 SMS which corresponds to the first month after birth. In this substage, sensation and action are coordinated primarily through reflexive behaviors.
Term
2. First habits and primary circular reactions
Definition
P 2 SMS develops between 1-4 months. Infant coordinates sensation and two types of schemes: habit and primary circular reactions.
Term
primary circular reactions
Definition
a scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that happened by chance.
Term
3. Secondary circular reactions
Definition
3 psms 4-8 months the infant becomes more object oriented moving beyond the self.
Term
4. coordination of secondary circular reaction
Definition
4. PSMS 8-12 months Actions become more outwardly directed, and infants coordinate schemes and act with intentionality.
Term
5. tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity
Definition
5 PSMS 12-18 months infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things that they can make happen to objects.
Term
6. internalization of schemes
Definition
6. PSMS 18-24 months. Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols.
Term
object permanence
Definition
Piagetian term for understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen heard or touched.
Term
A-not-B Error
Definition
Also called the AB error this occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place A rather then the new hiding place B as they progress into substage 4 in Piagets sensorimotor stage.
Term
core-knowledge approach
Definition
view that infants are born with domain specific innate knowledge systems.
Term
implicit memory
Definition
memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed
Term
explicit memory
Definition
conscious memory of facts and experiences
Term
deferred imitation
Definition
imitation that occurs after a delay of hours and days.
Term
developmental quotient
Definition
An overall score that combines subscores in motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gessell assessment of infants.
Term
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Definition
Scales developed by Nancy Bayley that are widely used in the assessment of infant development. The current version, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition has 5 components: a cognitive scale, a language scale, a motor scale, a socio-economical scale and an adaptive scale.
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
the use of content words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxiliary verbs, and other connectives.
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
An area in the brain left frontal lobe involved in speech production.
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition
An area of the brain's left hemisphere that is involved in language comprehension.
Term
Aphasia
Definition
A loss or impairment of language processing caused by brain damage in Broca's area or Wernicke's area.
Term
Language Acquisition Device
Definition
Chomskys term that describes a biological endowment that enables the child to detect the features and rules of language, including phonology, syntax, and semantics.
Term
Self Conscious emotions
Definition
Emotions that require self awareness, especially ones with a sense of me.
Term
basic cry
Definition
a rhythmic pattern consisting of a brief cry a brief silence then whistling
Term
anger cry
Definition
a cry similar to the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords.
Term
pain cry
Definition
a sudden appearance of a long initial loud cry without preliminary moaning followed by breath holding.
Term
reflexive/social smile
Definition
not in response to anything/ response to stimulus
Term
stranger anxiety
Definition
an infants fear and wariness of strangers it tends to appear in the second half of the first year of life.
Term
separation protest
Definition
an infants distressed reaction when the caregiver leaves.
Term
temperament
Definition
an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of emotionally responding.
Term
slow-to-warm child
Definition
a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.
Term
goodness of fit
Definition
refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with the child must cope.
Term
social referencing
Definition
reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
Term
attachment
Definition
a close emotional bond between two people
Term
Strange Situation
Definition
An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
Term
securely attached babies
Definition
babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
Term
insecure avoidant babies
Definition
babies that show insecurity by avoiding caregiver.
Term
insecure resistant babies
Definition
babies that often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.
Term
insecure disorganized babies
Definition
babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
Term
reciprocal socialization
Definition
socialization that is bidirectional children socialize parents and parents socializa children.
Term
scaffolding
Definition
reinforced turntaking with friends
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