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Development Exam 1
Development Exam 1 - Norden
255
Psychology
Not Applicable
01/31/2013

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Term
Why Study Development?
Definition
To gain insight into human nature, the origin of adult behavior, the origin, pervention, and treatment of development problems, to optimize conditions of development, to give realistic expectations, to help you recognize wen departure from norms are significant, to help you understand yourself
Term
Three important issues:
Definition
nature/nurture, continuous/discontinuous change and platicity
Term
Nature
Definition
what you have inherited (eye color, sport ability, personality traits)
Term
Nurture
Definition
environmental influences that shape behavior (pregnant woman’s use of cocaine during pregnancy, way parents discipline children, SES)
Term
Continuous
Definition
suggests that development proceeds in a gradual way, change is quantitative, change builds on itself. I.e. height development
Term
Discontinuous
Definition
suggests that change occurs in distinct stages or steps, change is qualitatively different than a change in a earlier stage. I.E. cognitive development
Term
Plasticity
Definition
Refers to the idea that abilities, personality, and other human traits can change over time
Term
Critical periods
Definition
occurs when the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally
Term
Sensitive periods
Definition
means we are susceptible to certain environmental stimuli, but consequences of absent stimuli are reversible
Term
Goals of developmental science
Definition
Describe, explain, predict, influence
Term
Describe
Definition
just stating what happened (how long children of different ages pay attention to something à attention span gets longer)
Term
Explain
Definition
why an event occurs, relies on theories (maybe older children have longer attention span because there are changes in the brain occurring or more practice paying attention)
Term
Predict
Definition
useful theories predict (if changes in the brain causes attention span length, it can be measured and tested)
Term
Influence
Definition
the results of research provide information that can be used to make judgments (how much epilepsy changes brain)
Term
Case study
Definition
an in-depth examination of a single individual (interviews, observations, test scores). Goal: obtain as complete a picture as you can of that child
Term
Strengths
Definition
good at showing uniqueness, can maybe gain insight to individual factors, can lead to designing studies (different hypothesis that you can test)
Term
Weakness
Definition
cannot generalize them to others
Term
Observation
Definition
Naturalistic vs. lab
Term
Naturalistic
Definition
psychologist observe person in normal environment (go to daycare and watch ¾ year olds)
Term
Laboratory
Definition
research has more control because children are brought to a lab and watching them, useful for studying behaviors that do not occur in everyday life (provoking a 3 year old for an aggressive reaction)
Term
Strengths
Definition
Reflects everyday behaviors
Term
Weakness
Definition
Possibility of observer biases (hitting, shoving, not slapping included in aggressive behavior), limited ability to generalize observation, behavior is different in lab, very time consuming, just because you watched someone doesn’t mean you know why it happened
Term
Ethnography
Definition
special form of naturalistic observation (borrowed from field of anthropology to answer cultural questions)
Term
Goal
Definition
to understand a culture’s values
Term
Description
Definition
live in other culture that they are trying to understand, make extensive field notes, notes form a description of community
Term
Strength
Definition
can get unique values from culture
Term
Weakness
Definition
investigator has her own culture biases that may cause them to pick and choose what the “important” values are, cannot generalize to other populations because you are focused on one community (NY vs. WI Amish), presence of observer may change the way people behave
Term
Research design
Definition
correlational vs. experimental design
Term
Correlational design
Definition
gathering info on subjects, not trying to alter or manipulate them in any way. Look at relationships between
Term
Example
Definition
does daycare promote friendliness between peers, grades and delinquent behavior
Term
Experimental design
Definition
cause and effect
Term
Example
Definition
two adults arguing, didn’t resolve problem vs. two adults arguing with resolution; measure children’s reaction
Term
Cross-sectional study
Definition
Compares people of different ages at a single point in time
Term
Example
Definition
how moral development changes from ages 3-5; look at group of 3,4,5; look at how they respond differently
Term
Strengths
Definition
quick and easy approach, efficient, convenient, subjects are only studied once
Term
Weaknesses
Definition
Cohort effects
Term
Cohort effects
Definition
differences due to experiences and circumstances that are unique to their particular generation; you cannot show change overtime
Term
Longitudinal study
Definition
observes the same subjects periodically over a relatively long period of time and you can show change in that group of subjects over time
Term
Example
Definition
her sister and infant formula
Term
Strengths
Definition
studies reveal more developmental change
Term
Weakness
Definition
huge amount of time and money needed; selective attrition: some subjects may drop out along the way, are the kids that drop out are different than the kids that remain; practice effects: subjects who are repeatedly observed may respond/react differently; cohort effects
Term
Cross-sequential research
Definition
Study at least two cohorts longitudinally
Term
Examples
Definition
Daycare
Term
Strengths
Definition
Separate out the age related effects from the cohort effects, you can also make longitudinal and cross-sectional study
Term
Weaknesses
Definition
time, length of study
Term
Microgenetic design
Definition
focuses on children’s development over relatively short periods of time, sometimes a few hours or days; usually it is when kids are right around a developmental change so you can watch this change happen
Term
Strengths
Definition
able to watch interesting developments over a short period of time
Term
Weakness
Definition
time required for study, time required to watch child (how do you know when someone is on the edge of a developmental change), practice effects can distort findings
Term
Ethics
Definition
code from society for research in Child Development
Term
Background
Definition
a theory is a broad framework or set of principles that guides the collection and interpretation of a set of facts
Term
Where do theories come from?
Definition
Our own experience and systematic integration of prior findings
Term
Psychodynamic theory
Definition
Developed by Freud in late 1800s
Term
Intrapsychic dynamics
Definition
things that motivate and drive behavior (id, ego, superego), we also have important instincts (sexual, aggressive instincts)
Term
Psychodynamic stages
Definition
suggest that individuals that pass through stages and have specific task to “complete” during the stage, incompletion of the task leads to neurosis
Term
Strengths
Definition
emphasized relationship with caregivers, spawned research with attachment with parents, emphasized case study method, given psychologists many interesting concepts to work on (ego, id, defense mechanisms)
Term
Weaknesses
Definition
many basic ideas are not supported by research, limited application to other populations
Term
Learning theory
Definition
Actions are determined largely on experiences in life
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
Process of learning from the association of stimuli
Term
Operant conditioning
Definition
children operate on their environments to bring about a desired state of affairs
Term
Social learning
Definition
One person observes a behavior is able to repeat that behavior
Term
Strengths
Definition
: can explain consistency and change, very optimistic about the possibility of change (change environment to change behavior)
Term
Weaknesses
Definition
Not really a developmental theory, may underestimating children’s contributions to their own development
Term
Cognitive theory
Definition
focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world (how children’s thinking and understanding influences emotions)
Term
Main premise
Definition
development occurs as the child acts on the world and searches for a fit between new experiences and existing schemes
Term
Schemes
Definition
organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions
Term
Cognitive equilibrium:
Definition
need for mental balance [equilibriumà new experiences à disequilibrium à adaption à a. assimilation or b. accommodation à new equilibrium]
Term
Assimilation:
Definition
occurs when new experiences are readily incorporated into existing constructs
Term
Accommodation
Definition
when constructs need to be modified based on experience
Term
Sociocultural theory:
Definition
emphasizes the cultural context in which we develop
Term
Dynamic interaction:
Definition
nature and nurture shape development indirectly through culture; b. Children affected by many components of culture (they learn from teachers, friends, etc.)
Term
Strengths
Definition
first develop-mentalist to recognize importance of culture
Term
Weaknesses
Definition
lack of research support, neglected the biological side of environment, less emphasis on children’s ability to shape their own environment
Term
Ecological systems theory
Definition
explains child development in terms of the interaction between children and the settings in which they live.
Term
Diagram
Definition
a change in one part of the system effects other parts of the system
Term
Microsystem
Definition
everyday, immediate, environment in which child lives life (home, friends, teachers, caregivers), where most focus is on in terms of child development
Term
Mesosystem
Definition
provides connections to the various aspects of the microsystem (think of as links on a chain; binds kids to parents, employees to bosses, students to teachers)
Term
Exosystem
Definition
represents broader influences (societal institutions, media, government, places of worship, community), these effect but do not include the child (i.e. good benefits at parents workplace)
Term
Macrosystem
Definition
larger cultural influences on an individual (religious and political value systems; i.e. needing a college degree is important à need to shift values)
Term
Chronosystem
Definition
temporal dimension of the model, means time; involves the way the passing of time effects children’s development (how did 9/11 effect children, change from women staying at home to working at least part time)
Term
Genes
Definition
They are the basic units of genetic information; we have approximately 20,000
Term
Genes are composed of specific sequences of DNA molecules, arranged along 46 chromosomes (organized in 23 pairs)
Definition
Sperm and egg chromosomes combine to produce 23 pairs
Term
Gender
Definition
: 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the gender (XX=girl, XY=boy; male determines gender of child)
Term
How do chromosomal differences between genders happen?
Definition
Importance of SRY gene, which signals the male embryo’s body to being secreting androgens
Term
Gender selection methods and ethics
Definition
Different approaches to try for a specific gender (often a boy):
Term
Importance of the right side of the body
Definition
the right side of the body is superior, it must be the right testicle that produces males; males would tie the left to inhibit sperm release
Term
Timing of intercourse (Shettles method
Definition
the Y sperm is thought to be faster but doesn’t last as long as the X sperm, intercourse of first day of ovulation might produce a boy, intercourse a day or two after ovulation might produce a girl.
Term
Sperm sorting techniques
Definition
requires use of Dr. and lab. Example of microsort using flow cytometry (sperm are dyed with a solution and passed through a lazar, X is larger so more dye sticks to the sperm, they are sorted and IVF is used)
Term
Multiple births
Definition
Prevalence of multiples: about 4 in 100 births
Term
Stats
Definition
: 2/3 of twins are dizygotic and 1/3 of twins are monozygotic
Term
Increase in multiple births:
Definition
66% since 1970s because of maternal age (more likely to conceive multiples after the age 35) and the use of fertility drugs and other assisted reproduction techniques
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
Asians have a lower chance, African Americans have a higher chance
Term
Nutrition
Definition
less often among women with a poor diet, more likely in tall women and those who are normal and overweight
Term
Dominant-recessive heredity
Definition
each member of a pair of genes is referred to as an allele
Term
Homozygous
Definition
both alleles for a trait are the same
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
alleles differ
Term
Dominate + recessive allele =
Definition
trait determined by dominate allele
Term
Recessive + recessive =
Definition
recessive trait will be shown
Term
Examples of traits from dominant genes
Definition
freckles, dimples, curly hair, near-sightedness, dark hair
Term
Examples of traits from recessive genes
Definition
flat feet, fine hair, red hair, blonde hair, straight hair, lactose intolerance,
Term
Genotype
Definition
specific genetic information a person inherits that has the potential to influence observable physical or behavioral characteristics (eye color, height, intelligence, shyness)
Term
Phenotype
Definition
the physical and behavioral traits that you actually exhibit (blue eyes, 5’ 10”, IQ of 120, specific level of shyness)
Term
Phenotype
Definition
genotype x environmental influences
Term
Phenotypic plasticity
Definition
the degree to which the developing phenotype is open to influence by the environment
Term
High plasticity
Definition
weight
Term
Low plasticity
Definition
genotype for blue eyes
Term
Chromosomal abnormalities
Definition
Downs etc
Term
Down’s syndrome
Definition
Occurs when chromosome 21 fails to separate, child has 3 of chromosome 21 instead of 2
Term
Prevalence
Definition
most common chromosomal disorder, 1/800 births
Term
Age of woman’s eggs main problem
Definition
it leads to a lack of cell division
Term
Father’s sperm as cause
Definition
may be linked to advanced paternal age
Term
Symptoms
Definition
cognitive disability, slower motor development, short and stocky stature, oval upward slanting eyes and square ears, epicanthic fold, higher rate of heart defects, higher rate of vision problems, hearing loss, increased incidence of Alzheimer’s disease
Term
Epicanthic fold
Definition
lengthening of the eyelid over the eye
Term
Sex-linked abnormalities: stem from an abnormal number of sex chromosomes
Definition
Klinefelters, turners
Term
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Definition
effects about 1/500 males; extra X chromosome (XXY)
Term
Problems in adolescence
Definition
fail to show development in adolescence (don’t go through puberty), tend to have mild cognitive disability (particularly language skills)
Term
Treatment
Definition
testosterone replacement therapy
Term
Turner syndrome
Definition
1/1000 females has a single X (X-)
Term
Physical problems
Definition
external genitals are normal, ovaries are poorly developed, produce little estrogen, tend to be shorter, don’t menstruate, don’t go through typical puberty
Term
Treatment
Definition
estrogen replacement therapy
Term
Cognitive deficits
Definition
poor in spatial skills, nonverbal memory, math; may be linked to low levels of estrogen
Term
Genetic abnormalities
Definition
Fragile X, PKU, Sickle-cell
Term
Fragile X syndrome
Definition
most common inherited form of cognitive disability
Term
Prevalence
Definition
1/4000 males, 1/6-8000 females
Term
Caused
Definition
mutation in a gene; genetic “stutter”
Term
Genetic stutter
Definition
a small section in the gene that is repeated too many times (most people have between 5-40 repeats of this section, more than 200 repeats have fragile X)
Term
Physical symptoms:
Definition
underdeveloped ears, long/thin face, prominent forehead and chin, enlarged testicles, overly flexible joints
Term
Mental symptoms:
Definition
some degree of cognitive disability (1/3 of females, majority of men), can show some autistic symptoms, delays in motor development, speech problems and anxiety and mood problems
Term
Phenylketonuria (PKU):
Definition
metabolic disorder that is caused by a double dose of a recessive gene
Term
Prevalence
Definition
1 child/8000
Term
Description
Definition
Child’s body will not produce the enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine (high levels of phenylalanine will build up and cause brain damage)
Term
Good example of genetics and environment working together
Definition
if caught at birth they can be put on a special diet to avoid brain damage (no meat, fish, eggs, milk, etc.)
Term
Sickle-cell anemia
Definition
disorder caused by a double dose of a recessive gene; blood disorder that causes swollen joints heart/kidney problems, early death
Term
Huntington’s chorea
Definition
example of a dominate gene disorder (if you have the gene you will definitely develop Huntington’s)
Term
Causes
Definition
the progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain
Term
movement disorders
Definition
(involuntary jerking, contracture of the muscles, muscle rigidity, impaired posture and balance),
Term
Cognitive disorders
Definition
difficulty planning and organizing tasks, lack of flexible thinking, lack of impulse control, difficulty focusing on task for sustained periods, difficultly in learning new info),
Term
Psychiatric disorders
Definition
(depression, OCD, bipolar) due to changes in the brain
Term
Age of onset of symptoms
Definition
no idea that you have it until you have symptoms in 40s or 50s and gradually worsen overtime
Term
Course
Definition
10 and 30 years until death, no cure, just treatment to manage symptoms
Term
Genetic counseling and testing
Definition
Term
Testing prior to conception
Definition
you can be tested to see if you or partner is a carrier, calculate the odds
Term
Testing after conception
Definition
test to see if child will be conflicted
Term
Genetic counseling process
Definition
create a family tree of genetics, test parents, and then sit down with them and discuss the risks of having a child with a genetic disorder. They can only provide stats about risk, they cannot promise a healthy child or make the decision for the parents
Term
Controversial issues regarding testing
Definition
Controversial issues regarding testing
Term
When should a person be tested?
Definition
Focus is on whether a disorder is treatable or not, if is treatable à early testing
Term
BRCA1 gene
Definition
gene for breast cancer (5% of inherited cases); women who carry gene and have history of breast cancer have 90% risk of developing risk
Term
Treatable vs. untreatable diseases
Definition
: typically do not work with teens/adolescence because it inhibits their goals for a future, there is also a fear of discrimination in career, insurance, etc.
Term
Chapter Four
Definition
Infertility treatments
Term
Infertility treatments
Definition
15% cannot conceive after one year of trying (depends on age of people involved)
Term
Artificial (donor) insemination (DI)
Definition
when infertility is caused when there is a problem in sperm quality or production
Term
Description
Definition
taking donor sperm and inserting it into vagina
Term
Efficacy
Definition
as effective as intercourse (20% in any given month, if having unprotected sex)
Term
Ethics of sperm banks
Definition
specific sperm banks that have been created (eye color, IQ, height, medical conditions, etc.)
Term
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Definition
if both eggs and sperm are normal but infertility is caused by fallopian tubes
Term
Description
Definition
ovulation is induced by meds that cause multiple eggs to be released, doctors harvest eggs, eggs are mixed with sperm in a lab dish and allowed to fertilized in an incubator, the fertilized egg is inserted into the woman’s uterus
Term
Fertilization vs. implantation rates
Definition
fertilization rate is high, implantation is low
Term
GIFT
Definition
gamete intrafallopian transfer
Term
Description
Definition
same as IVF except you don’t wait for sperm and egg to fertilize, allow it to fertilize in the fallopian tubes (fertilization in woman’s body therefore accepted in Catholic Church); also eliminates ethical dilemma about how many eggs to implant during IVF
Term
ZIFT
Definition
zygote intrafallopian transfer
Term
Description
Definition
a fertilized egg is transferred into fallopian tube
Term
Conception
Definition
Description
Term
How many eggs to do women have?
Definition
Born with 1 million ova, by the time of puberty only 300 thousand remain. Of those eggs, 3-400 will be ovulated during reproductive lifetime
Term
Research
Definition
by about age 30 women have lost 85-90% of their eggs
Term
Description of ovulation
Definition
once every 28 days, egg is released from ovaries and pushed through the fallopian tubes toward the uterus. If it meets a sperm in the tube then fertilization takes place
Term
How many sperm do men produce each day?
Definition
Several hundred million sperm a day
Term
Sperm’s journey:
Definition
when it enters vagina through the cervix, goes through fallopian tube to fertilization; most do not survive journey
Term
How long can sperm and ovum survive in woman’s body?
Definition
Up to 6 six days, Ovum: one day
Term
Periods of prenatal development
Definition
germinal, embyonic, and fetal
Term
Germinal period
Definition
occurs during the first 2 weeks post-conception
Term
Description of first 8-10 days
Definition
the zygote moves slowly through fallopian tube to uterus, if zygote enters uterus too soon or too late it will be destroyed because the environment is not prepared
Term
Fertilized egg
Definition
blastocyst: one week after conception it separates into two masses
Term
Embryo
Definition
develops into fetus
Term
Placenta
Definition
serves as intermediary between mom and fetus (oxygen, nourishment)
Term
Description of days 10-14
Definition
when developing organism implants, as many as 60% fail to implant
Term
Embryonic period
Definition
: occurs between weeks 3-8
Term
Amnion surrounds the embryo
Definition
thin, transparent, tough membrane that is full of fluid to cushion fetus
Term
Child has three distinct layers during this period
Definition
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
outer layer of embryo, will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs, the brain and spinal cord
Term
Endoderm
Definition
inner layer of embryo, produces digestive system, liver, pancreas, and respiratory system
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
layer in between, forms muscles, bones, blood and circulatory systems
Term
Two patterns of body development
Definition
occurs all the way through childhood
Term
Cephalocaudal pattern
Definition
development proceeds from the head down (head to tail pattern), arm buds appear before the legs buds
Term
Proximodistal pattern
Definition
development proceeds from the middle out (near to far pattern), upper arm before the forearm
Term
Miscarriage
Definition
aka spontaneous abortion
Term
Occurs
Definition
when pregnancy ends before the developing child is able to survive outside the womb; developing child is detached from the wall of the uterus and is expelled
Term
Prevalence
Definition
about 15-20% end in miscarriage (many who have miscarriages don’t realize they are having one)
Term
After 8th week after conception
Definition
embryo is an inch long
Term
Fetal period
Definition
occurs from the 9th week to birth
Term
Increases in length and weight
Definition
: 1 to 20 inches, and .02 to 7.1 pounds
Term
Change in proportions
Definition
at 2 mos. the fetus is ½ head, at 5 mos. the head is ¼ of its total size
Term
Organs become different differentiated and begin to function
Definition
hiccups
Term
Brain growth
Definition
increases about 6x in size and develops many new neurons
Term
Quickening:
Definition
by 4 mos. the mother can feel the movement of the child, called “quickening”, for many first time moms it may not be until 5 mos
Term
In the last two mos.:
Definition
the fetus registers experiences in last two months of development, especially sound
Term
Cat in the Hat study
Definition
sucking could turn on tape of reading, they would suck to hear mom read cat in the hat, wouldn’t suck to hear a different story or a stranger
Term
In 8th month a layer of fat is added
Definition
fetus receives antibodies from mom’s blood (a newborns immune system is not functioning as well as it will be in a few months)
Term
Age of viability
Definition
: age at which the fetus has a least some chance survive outside of the uterus, about 22 weeks after conception; the odds of survival are much greater for at least 28 weeks old
Term
Prematurity
Definition
babies born at 23-26 weeks you have about a 2/3 chance survival
Term
Common problems
Definition
they haven’t developed layer of fat so they cannot regulate their own temperature, their lungs are also not fully developed
Term
Teratogen
Definition
agent or condition that can impair prenatal development, and lead to birth defects or even death
Term
The impact of the teratogen depends on the genotype of the organism
Definition
heredity can make some more susceptible than others to teratogens (with dizygotic twins, one may be impacted with FAS and the other is fine)
Term
Thalidomide example
Definition
produces defects in humans but not rats and rabbits; less than 25% of women who used drug had child with defects
Term
The impact of the teratogens changes over the course of prenatal development
Definition
different kinds of growth occur during growth periods, teratogens have different impacts during these times (12 mo. pregnancy)
Term
Each teratogen affects a specific aspect of prenatal development
Definition
exposure to rubella affects eyes, ears, heart
Term
Susceptibility to teratogens depends on mom’s physiological state
Definition
mom’s age, nutrition, uterine condition, balance of hormones (risk of malformation is highest when mom is younger than age 20 and older than 40)
Term
Damage from teratogens is not always evident at birth, but may appear later in life
Definition
: child may be born healthy but discover later that there was damage
Term
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) example
Definition
women prone to miscarriage were prescribed DES, allowed women to carry baby to term and have normal babies; later in life girls had vaginal cancer and boys had testicular cancer
Term
Cocaine example
Definition
coke babies, born addicted to cocaine, needed to go through detox; once they went through withdrawal they were fine. When they followed kids that went to school researchers found they had learning difficulties and attention problems
Term
Specific teratogens
Definition
Caffeine, Nicotine, Alcohol
Term
Caffeine
Definition
: most common used by pregnant women
Term
Research
Definition
no evidence for link to malformations in fetus
Term
Large doses
Definition
associated with increased rate of miscarriage and low birth weight
Term
Advised to limit to a healthy amount
Definition
2 cups of coffee a day
Term
Nicotine
Definition
-
Term
How many pregnant women smoke?
Definition
(2009) about 14% of women in US smoke while pregnant
Term
Best known effect
Definition
: low birth weight (1/2 lb. lighter than should be)
Term
Other problems
Definition
: increased rate of miscarriage, prematurity, developing asthma, cancer, higher rates of learning problems, increased chance of ADHD, lower IQs, slower language development
Term
Men who smoke are more likely to produce abnormal sperm
Definition
babies of fathers who smoke have the same problems
Term
Alcohol
Definition
3rd most commonly abused drug
Term
Alcohol crosses the placental membrane almost immediately
Definition
depressing CNS
Term
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
between 1 to 1.5/1000
Term
Fetal alcohol spectrum prevalence
Definition
3x as many kids who are affected by this
Term
Symptoms
Definition
slow physical growth, facial abnormalities, brain injury
Term
Problems with
Definition
memory, language and communication, attention span, planning and reasoning, motor coordination and social skills
Term
How much alcohol is too much?
Definition
It depends, its difficult to determine so doctors recommend that mom does not drink any alcohol
Term
How many pregnant women drink?
Definition
1991-2005) 10-12% of women drink during pregnancy; 2% were binge drinking
Term
Reasons women drink while pregnant?
Definition
? Alcoholics, conflicting news reports (healthy for heart and cardiovascular system), women who are more likely to drink also smoke, unmarried, college educated women are more likely to drink, employed, annual incomes <$50,000/year
Term
Importance of 12-mo. pregnancy
Definition
women who stop when they know they are pregnant also have risks for motor problems, only 40% of women realized they are pregnant by the 4th week
Term
Prenatal care/post-conception testing
Definition
Sonogram, multiple marker screen, amniocentesis, CVS
Term
Sonogram
Definition
ultrasound images are produce via echoes, help with fetal age, multiple pregnancy, gender
Term
Multiple marker screen
Definition
performed between 15 and 18 weeks, maternal blood test that can tell if fetus is at an increased risk for Down’s, spina-bifida,
Term
Amniocentesis
Definition
15-20th week, examines amniotic fluid which contains fetal cells
Term
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS
Definition
): 8-11 weeks, removing small amounts of tissue from the placenta, more beneficial because it is earlier
Term
Advantages of Prenatal Care
Definition
protection against teratogens, assurance that fetus is developing appropriately
Term
Preeclampsia
Definition
blood pressure increases sharply
Term
Birth
Definition
Signs of labor
Term
First
Definition
lasts 12-14 hours for first pregnancy
Term
Engagement
Definition
fetus is moving into position (baby drops)
Term
Middle
Definition
stronger, longer contractions; this is typically when pain meds are given (4cm-8cm)
Term
Transition
Definition
shortest, most intense phase; 1-2 hours; when head of fetus moves into vagina (10cm)
Term
Second
Definition
begins when cervix is fully dilated; lasts for about 50 minutes for a first baby
Term
Third
Definition
delivery of the placenta; after uterus begins to shirk to normal size
Term
Low birth-weight
Definition
defined as when the infant weights >5.5lbs at birth
Term
Prevalence
Definition
: 8% of all infants are low birth-weight
Term
Low birth-weight is the major factor associated
Definition
with the death of infants in the first 4 weeks of life
Term
Causes
Definition
prematurity (2/3rds of low birth-weight) and fetal growth restriction (small for gestational age), may be full term but still underweight
Term
Risk factors
Definition
chronic health problems in the mom (high blood pressure, heart/lung problems), smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use, young mom (24% of all LBW are born to teenagers, due to poor nutrition), weight gain (4x more common among women who gain less than 15lbs during pregnancy; recommendation is 25-35lbs), marital status (unmarried women are 2x as likely to have LBW than married women), prenatal care (women who do not receive prenatal care are much more likely to have a LBW baby)
Term
C-section
Definition
: a physician delivers a baby by abdominal surgery
Term
Prevalence
Definition
30.00000%
Term
Reasons
Definition
fetal distress, breech position of fetus (1/25 births, feet first, increases the chance of squeezing/wrapping the cord), planned C-sections (25%)
Term
Risks
Definition
: allergic reaction, infection, accidental injuries to other organs/fetus, excessive blood loss
Term
Apgar scale
Definition
standard measurement system used for a newborn to assess health
Term
Five signs of health scored
Definition
with a 0,1, or 2 on each sign: 0-10
Term
When are ratings given
Definition
1 minute and again at 5 minutes
Term
APGAR
Definition
Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity level, rate of breathing
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