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Devel Psyc Chapter 2 Terms
Chapter 2
46
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
01/29/2009

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Term
Tabula Rasae
Definition
A “blank slate” waiting to be written by their experiences.
Term
Activity-Passivity Issue
Definition
This term focuses on whether people are active in their own development or passively shaped by forces outside themselves.
Term
Developmental Stage
Definition
This stage is a distinct phase of the life cycle characterized by a particular set of abilities, motives, emotions, or behaviors that form a coherent pattern.
Term
Universality-Context-Specificity Issue
Definition
The extent to which developmental changes are common to all humans (universal) or different from person to person (context specific).
Term
Psychoanalytic Theory
Definition
It is the prevailing notions of human nature and human development by proposing that people are driven by motives and emotional conflicts of which are largely unaware and that they are shaped by their earliest experiences in life.
Term
Instinct
Definition
An inborn biological force that motivates behavior.
Term
Unconscious Motivation
Definition
The power of instincts and other inner forces to influence behavior without awareness.
Term
Id
Definition
The impulsive, irrational part of the personality whose mission is to satisfy the instincts.
Term
Ego
Definition
The rational side of the individual that tries to find realistic ways of gratifying the instincts.
Term
Superego
Definition
The individual’s internalized moral standards.
Term
Libido
Definition
The psychic energy of the sex instincts.
Term
Psychosexual Stages
Definition
The five stages of child development that includes; oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital.
Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
A person’s defense system against anxiety that is adopted by the ego as an unconscious coping device.
Term
Fixation
Definition
An arrested development in which part of the libido remains tied to an early stage.
Term
Regression
Definition
This involves retreating to an earlier, less traumatic stage of development.
Term
Psychosocial
Definition
Eight major stages, or conflicts, that are human experience during their lives.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
The belief that conclusions about human development and functioning should be based on observations of overt behavior rather than on speculations about unobservable cognitive and emotional processes.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A simple form of learning in which a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that already elicits the response.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
An unlearned stimulus.
Term
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Definition
An unlearned, or automatic, reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.
Term
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Definition
A learned stimulus.
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
A learned reaction to the stimulus.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
A learner’s behavior becomes either more or less probable depending on the consequences it produces.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Positive here means that something has been added to the situation, and reinforcement means that the behavior is strengthened .
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
(not a term for punishment) occurs when a behavioral tendency is strengthened because something negative or unpleasant is removed from the situation, or is escaped or avoided, after the behavior occurs.
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition
This form of punishment occurs when an unpleasant event is added to the situation following a behavior (A child being spanked after misbehaving).
Term
Negative Punishment
Definition
This form of punishment occurs when something pleasant is removed from the situation following the behavior (a child loses the privilege of staying up on Saturday night).
Term
Extinction
Definition
Behavior that is ignored, or no longer reinforced, tends to become less frequent until the behavior is stopped.
Term
Social Cognitive Theory
Definition
The claim that humans are cognitive beings whose active processing of information plays a critical role in their learning, behavior, and development (once called social learning theory).
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
It is simply learning by observing the behavior of other people (called models).
Term
Vicarious Reinforcement
Definition
This type of reinforcement learners become more or less likely to perform a behavior based on the consequences experienced by the model they observe.
Term
Human Agency
Definition
The ways in which people deliberately exercise cognitive control over themselves, their environments, and their lives.
Term
Self-Efficacy
Definition
The belief that one can effectively produce desired outcomes in a particular area of life.
Term
Reciprocal Determinism
Definition
The belief that humans active, cognitive beings, human development occurs through a continuous reciprocal interaction among the person (the individual’s biological and psychological characteristics and cognitions).
Term
Constructivism
Definition
Piaget’s belief that children active construct new surroundings of the world based on their experiences.
Term
Sensorimotor Stage
Definition
This stage deals with the world directly through the infant’s perceptions (senses) and actions (motor abilities). Age birth to two years.
Term
Preoperational Stage
Definition
This stage deals with cognitive development that has developed the capacity for symbolic thought but is not yet capable of logical problem solving. Ages 2 to 7 years.
Term
Concrete Operations Stage
Definition
hese school-age children are more logical than preschoolers. They use a trial-and-error approach to problem solving and do well on problems that involve thinking about concrete objects. Age 7 to 11 years.
Term
Formal Operations Stage
Definition
Adolescents who reach this stage are able to think more abstractly and hypothetically than school-age children. Age 11 to 12 and older.
Term
Sociocultural Perspective
Definition
A theory by Lev Vygotsky that maintains that cognitive development is shaped by the sociocultural context in which it occurs and grows out of children’s interactions with members of their culture.
Term
Information-Processing Approach
Definition
This approach became the dominant perspective in the 1980’s, likens the human mind to a computer with hardware and software and emphasizes fundamental mental processes such as attention, memory, decision making, and the like.
Term
Systems Theory
Definition
This theory claims that changes over the life span arise from the ongoing transactions between a changing organism and a changing world.
Term
Ethology
Definition
The study of the evolved behavior of various species in their natural environments.
Term
Epigenetic Psychobiological Systems Perspective
Definition
This perspective is the belief that development is the product of interacting biological and environmental forces that of a larger system.
Term
This perspective is the belief that development is the product of interacting biological and environmental forces that of a larger system.
Definition
The process through which nature and nurture, genes and environment, jointly bring forth particular developmental outcomes—sometimes surprising outcomes that are not easily predicted.
Term
Eclectic
Definition
The reliance or uses of many theories and the recognition of no particular developmental theory for the explanation of human development.
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