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reasoning based on numerical computation (not statistics)

Premise - numerical computation
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Conclusion - claim based on the computation

reasoning from two (and only two) premises to a conclusion that follows with certainty from them

Premise
Premise
↓
Conclusion

Reasoning based on the similarity between two things or states of affairs

Premise - Object X has characteristics p, q, and r
Premise - Object Y has characteristics p, q
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Conclusion - Object Y has characteristics r

reasoning from a cause to the effect or from an effect to the cause

Premise - Cause

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Conclusion - Effect
OR
Premise - Effect
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Conclusion - Cause

reasoning that a hypothesis is true based on observations that confirm the predictions which were inferred by the hypothesis

Premise - If hypothesis x is true, then predicted events p, q, r should occur

Premise - Event p occurs
Premise - Event q occurs
Premise - Event r occurs

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Conclusion - Hypothesis x is true

reasoning that what is true of some cases is also true of all cases of the same kind

Premise - some cases
↓
Conclusion - all cases

reasoning that what is true of most cases (but not all cases) is also true of a particular case of the same kind

Premise - most cases

↓

Conclusion - this case

reasoning from a written or a graphic sign to a claim about the thing or situation the sign indicates or symbolises

Premise - a written or graphic sign

↓

Conclusion - a claim based on the sign

reasoning that something will happen in the future based on what has happened in the present or past

Premise - what is / what was

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Conclusion - what will be