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DAT
Barrons Review (Respiration)
13
Biology
Graduate
10/05/2011

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Term
Glucose Catabolism
Definition
oxidative breakdown of glucose; two stages are glycolysis and respiration
Term
glycolysis
Definition
– breakdown of 1 glucose => 2 pyruvate in CYTOplasm
• Glucose => 2Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H +2H20
• Phosphofructokinase (step 3) – rate determining step; ATP consumed
• Step 4 where fructose splits into 2 PGAL molecules
Term
fermentation
Definition
anaerobic conditions; NAD+ must be regenerated; produces only 2ATP per glucose
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
– can yield 36-38 ATP; O2 is final acceptor // PDC, CAC, ETC
• PDC – mito MATRIX; CO2 is lost; NAD+ reduced to NADH
• Citric Acid Cycle – Krebs cycle 2Acetyl-CoA => 4CO2 + 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2GTP + 4H +2CoA
• ETC – also called OXIDATIVE phosphorylation INNER mito MEMbrane; electrons transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen; cytochromes are the carrier molecules with Fe in functional unit
Term
Eukaryotic ATP production / glucose
Definition
glycolysis (6 ATP)
2ATP invested -2 ATP
4ATP generated +4 ATP
2NADH X 2 +4 ATP
*PDC (6 ATP)
2NADH X 3 +6 ATP
*CAC (24 ATP)
6NADH X 3 +18 ATP
2FADH2 X 2 +4 ATP
2GTP X 1 +2 ATP
_________
TOTAL +36 ATP
Term
when glucose runs low
Definition
When glucose runs low, body utilizes the following in order: other carbs (glycogen in liver), fats, proteins (only when carbs and fats gone)
Term
Fat storage
Definition
Fats are stored in adipose tissue as triglyceride / hydrolyzed by lipases to fatty acids / carried by blood to tissues/ must be activated / GREATEST ATP yield / synthesized in cytosol / B-oxidation in mitochondrial matrix
Term
cori cycle
Definition
converts lactate back to glucose
Term
Glyoxylate cycle
Definition
occurs in plants & bacteria.
Term
alveoli
Definition
where gas exchange between the circulatory system and the lungs occurs; surfactant reduces the surface tension
Term
Inhalation
Definition
– diaphragm contracts/ flattens; increase in volume / decrease in pressure in lungs
• nasal cavity → trachea → bronchus → bronchiole → alveoli
Term
exhalation
Definition
– passive process; decrease in volume/ increase in air pressure; diagphram expands
Term
bohr effect
Definition
hemoglobin unloads O2 under conditions of low pH (high CO2 & [H+])
*Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into blood
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