Shared Flashcard Set

Details

DAT
Barrons Review (Vascular Systems in Plants and Animals)
42
Biology
Graduate
10/03/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
hemoglobin
Definition
binds CO w/ much greater affinity than myoglobin
Term
Myoglobin
Definition
single chain, stores O2 in muscle
Term
Blood flow
Definition
aorta => arteries => arterioles => capillaries => venules => veins
Term
Capillaries
Definition
– single layer walls; exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular wastes
Term
Atria
Definition
upper chambers of heart
Term
Ventricles
Definition
lower chambers of heart
-Right Side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation
-Left Side of heart pumps oxygenated blood into systematic circulation
Term
pulmonary vein & umbilical vein –
Definition
carry oxygenated blood (unlike other veins)
Term
Ductus venosus –
Definition
allows blood to bypass the liver
Term
Foramen ovale
Definition
allows blood to bypass pulmonary circulation by entering the left atria directly from the right atria
Term
Ductus arteriosus –
Definition
conducts some blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (bypassing the lungs)
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
– collect interstitial fluid and return it to circulatory system maintaining balance of body fluids; second function: collect chylomicrons from small intestine; can initiate an immune response against anything foreign
Term
Interstitial fluid
Definition
main component of extracellular fluid of multicellular animals; has a diff. composition depending on type of surrounding tissue & area of the body
Term
Blood
Definition
is composed of both liquid (55%) and cellular components (45%)
Term
Plasma
Definition
is liquid portion of blood – mix of salts, gases, wastes, hormones
Term
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Definition
come from stem cells in bone marrow; oxygen carrying component; contains tons of hemoglobin; phagocytized after 120 days
Term
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Definition
protective functions; some phagocytize foreign matter, others migrate from blood to tissue; ex macrophages and lymphocytes
Term
Platelets
Definition
cell fragments, lack nuclei; involved in clot formation; come from fragmentation of large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
Term
clotting
Definition
platelets that come into contact w/ exposed collagen release chemical that adheres platelets to one another forming a PLUG. This causes thromboplastin to convert prothrombin => thrombin; thrombin converts fibrinogen => fibrin; fibrin coats damaged area and traps blood cells to form a CLOT
Term
Cardiac Output (CO)
Definition
= SV (stroke volume) X HR (heart rate)
• Stroke volume = volume of blood discharged from the ventricles with each contraction.
• Cardiac output = volume discharged from ventricle each minute.
• Stroke volume = end systolic volume – end diastolic volume.
Term
Sodium-Calcium Channel
Definition
when open allow both Na+ & Ca2+ down gradient; stay open longer than fast sodium channels; causing membrane depolarization to last longer in cardiac musc
Term
intercalated disks
Definition
hold together adjacent cells of cardiac muscle, allow cardiac muscles fibers to transmit electrical impulses rapidly (disks have low resistance to impulses)
Term
Immune system
Definition
composed of two mechanisms; humoral and cell mediated
Humoral – production of antibodies; ** humoral doesn’t joke around, its really “anti-humoral” (humoral = antibodies)** Antibodies are also called immunoglobulins [5 classes of immunoglobulins – IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG (MADEG)]; they are complex proteins that bind to specific antigens
1. Binding of an antibody may directly inactivate the antigen
2. Binding of antibody can induce phagocytocis by macrophages
3. Antibodies on surface can activate the complement system to form holes in the cell membrane and lyse the cell
o “complement” system – chemical defense system to destroy microorganisms, complements immune system; serum proteins
Term
Cell Mediated
Definition
involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection; T helper cells activate B cells & T Killer cells; T helper is central controller of immune system
Term
inmate
Definition
Skin, macrophages engulf foreign material, inflammatory response (injured cells release histamine which causes blood vessels to dilate)
o interferons – small proteins made by most body cells after a viral attack; class of glycoproteins called cytokines; produced in response to bacterial, parasitic, and foreign agents, including tumors
Term
Macrophages
Definition
large white blood cells derived from monocytes, engulfs antigen and presents it to T cells
Term
mast cells
Definition
histamine release
Term
Plasma cells
Definition
antibody production
Term
neutrophils
Definition
phagocytic cells (do NOT develop into macrophages)
Term
ABO blood types
Definition
– Type AB = universal recipient / Type O = universal donor
Term
Phosphate buffer system
Definition
maintains pH of internal fluids of all cells; H2PO4- and HPO42- act as acid & base; amphoteric
Term
Bicarbonate buffer –
Definition
– maintains pH of extracellular fluid; HCO3- & H2CO3, amphoteric
Term
Rh factor
Definition
– another antigen that can be present on red blood cells / + or -/ can lead to pregnancy issues if the mother carries anti-Rh antibodies
Term
translocation
Definition
circulation in plants
Term
gibberlins
Definition
plant hormones that may induce certain plants to flower & stem elongation
Term
ethylene
Definition
stimulates fruit ripening
Term
abscisic acid
Definition
inhibitor of plant growth hormones
Term
cytokinins
Definition
plant hormones that promote cell division
Term
xylem
Definition
thick walled; carry water and minerals UP plant / 3 mechanisms
• Transpiration Pull – vacuum created from water evaporation on leaves
• Capillary action – liquid rises due to surface tension and interactions b/w liquid and tube
• Root Pressure – water enters and pressures the water up the stem
Term
Phloem
Definition
thin walled; on outside of vascular bundle; transport nutrients DOWN
Term
Cambium
Definition
two layers thick; undifferentiated cells, give rise to xylem/ phloem; type of meristem
Term
Fibrovascular bundle
Definition
xylem, phloem, and cambium layers
Term
Meristem
Definition
actively dividing, undifferentiated cells
Supporting users have an ad free experience!