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Cycles
N/A
32
Biology
9th Grade
11/20/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Identify the five processes that perpetuate the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle.
Definition
  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiration
  • Decomposition
  • Combustion of Fossil Fuels
  • Natural Weathering of Rocks
Term
Write the formula for photosynthesis.
Definition
Energy (sunlight) + 6CO2 + 6H2O -----> C6H12O + 6O2
Term
Write the formula for respiration.
Definition
6O2 + C6H12O6 -----> 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)
Term
Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis.
Definition

Reactants: Energy (Sunlight), Carbon Dioxide, Water.

Products: Glucose, Oxygen.

Term
Identify the reactants and products of respiration.
Definition

Reactants: Oxygen, Glucose.

Products: Water, Carbon Dioxide, Energy (ATP).

Term
Identify compounds found in living things that contain carbon.
Definition
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
Term
Explain how human activity has influenced the Carbon-Oxygen Cycle (Greenhouse Effect).
Definition
  • Burning fossil fuels and causing more CO2 emissions.
  • The earth's atmosphere traps the carbon dioxide because it is a greenhouse gas. The trapped gas leads to a global temperature rise.
  • Deforestation.
Term
Explain what is meant by the term "fixed" nitrogen.
Definition
Nitrogen atoms are split so that they can combine with atoms of different elements to form nitrogen compounds.
Term
Identify two compounds found in living things that contain nitrogen.
Definition
  • Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)
  • Proteins
Term
List six methods by which nitrogen can be fixed.
Definition
  • Lightning
  • UV Rays
  • Bacteria Living on Nodules on the Roots of Legumes
  • Cyanophytes Living in Vernal Pools or Lakes
  • Humans Burning Fossil Fuels
  • Producing Artificial Fertilizers
Term
Describe the four steps of the nitrogen cycle and organisms that play a key role in each.
Definition
  • Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria living on nodules on the roots of legumes (Rhizobium bacteria), cyanophytes living in vernal pools or lakes. Turns atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates or ammonia.
  • Ammonification: Decomposers (mostly bacteria). Dead animals and animal waste are turned into ammonia.
  • Nitrification: Bacteria. Two seperate steps. Ammonia turns into nitrite and nitrite turns into nitrate.
  • Denitrification: Anaerobic bacteria living in wetlands (low oxygen supply). Returns atmospheric nitrogen to the atmosphere.
Term
Describe how human activity has influenced the nitrogen cycle.
Definition
  • Increased biomass of thriving species, decreased biodiversity (alterations in species competitiveness, green and weedy world).
  • Depletion of dissolved O2 by increased plants (HAB: harmful algae blooms) leads to fish kills and dead zones.
  • Increased levels of NO2 (greenhouse gas).
  • Acid rain.
  • Global warming.
Term

Identify the function of each leaf part:

Waxy Cuticle

Epidermis

Stomata

Guard Cells

Mesophyll

Air Spaces

Xylem (Vein)

Phloem (Vein)

Definition
  • Waxy Cuticle: Protection, waterproofs the leaf and prevents desiccation (water loss).
  • Epidermis: Protection, prevents desiccation (water loss), secretes waxy cuticle.
  • Stomata: Allows gas exchange between the leaf and atmosphere, CO2 enters, O2 and H2O leave.
  • Guard Cells: Open and close the stomates, perform photosynthesis.
  • Mesophyll: Main site for photosynthesis in leaf.
  • Air Spaces: Make gas exchange a lot easier, letting CO2 in, letting O2 and H2O out.
  • Xylem (Vein): Transports water and minerals from roots and stems to the rest of the leaf.
  • Phloem (Vein): Transports glucose.
Term
Compare and contrast the spongy and palisades layers.
Definition
  • Both layers conduct photosynthesis.
  • Palisades layer conducts more, cells are more closely packed together and there are more in number.
Term
List three ways in which animals contribute to the water cycle.
Definition
  • Respiration (Exhalation)
  • Excretion
  • Perspiration
Term
Describe how a tree's hydraulic system works.
Definition
The hydraulic system is there to transport water from the roots to the leaves. Since water molecules are polar, they are magnetic to one another forming something like a chain being pulled up to the leaves. If the pull on the chain is too strong, the chain may break, thus causing an air bubble. Because of this, that vein would never work again.
Term
Describe the major processes that perpetuate the water cycle.
Definition
  • Precipitation
  • Transpiration
  • Evaporation
  • Condensation
Term
Identify abiotic factors that affect transpiration and evaporation rises.
Definition
  • Sunlight (Full)
  • Humidity (Low)
  • Temperature (High)
  • Wind Level (Low)
Term
What percentage of the earth's atmosphere is nitrogen?
Definition
80%
Term
Compare and contrast nitrogen fixation and nitrification.
Definition
  • Both "fix" nitrogen, or combine nitrogen with other molecules, performed by soil bacteria.
  • Nitrogen fixation includes one step; can be electrical or biological.
  • Nitrification includes two steps; produces fixed nitrogen that plants can use. (nitrates / NO3-).
Term
Describe the pathway that oxygen must take through the human body for respiration to occur.
Definition
Enters mouth and nose -----> trachea -----> lungs -----> bloodstream -----> cells -----> mitochondria.
Term
Identify two main sources of combustion.
Definition
  • Car Exhaust
  • Power Plant Emissions
Term
Identify three ways humans increase levels of fixed nitrogen in the atmosphere.
Definition
  • Growing Legumes
  • Producing / Using Artificial Fertilizers
  • Burning Fossil Fuels
Term
Identify five ways to reduce human impact on the nitrogen cycle.
Definition
  • Use Precision Agriculture
  • Preserve Wetlands
  • Conserve Energy
  • Farm Organically
  • Support Organic Farmers by Purchasing Organic Crops
Term
Identify the formula for atmospheric nitrogen.
Definition
N2
Term
Identify the form of nitrogen that is usable by plants and the step of the nitrogen cycle that it is most often produced.
Definition
  • Nitrates (NO3-)
  • Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrification
Term
Identify three forms of fixed nitrogen, the name of the molecule and the formula.
Definition
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • Nitrites (NO2-)
  • Nitrates (NO3-)
  •  Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Term
Define precipitation and identify three forms of precipitation.
Definition
Water returns to the earth from the atmosphere; snow, sleet, rain, hail.
Term
Define transpiration and identify the structure that is used during it.
Definition
The process by which water evaporates from plants and the stomata.
Term
Which abiotic factor allows trees to grow extremely tall in some areas?
Definition
Humidity.
Term
Name the layers of a leaf from top to bottom, starting with the upper cuticle.
Definition
  • Waxy Cuticle
  • Upper Epidermis
  • Palisades Layer
  • Spongey Layer
  • Lower Epidermis
  • Waxy Cuticle
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