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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Exam 1
Study it up! Chapters 1-4 and part of 5
71
Biology
Undergraduate 4
04/22/2013

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Term
What is the importance of surface area to volume ratios?
Definition
-constraints due to body size
-O2 consumption
-Temperature control
-Change in shape offsets increases in diameter
-bones and muscle increase in strength as the cross sectional area increases
Term
In regards to allometry, isometry is always the null hypothesis. What are the axis labels for the graph?
Definition
X-axis=size
Y-axis=trait under study
Term
What are the isometry values when comparing 1. Length to surface area 2. Surface area to volume and 3. Length to volume?
Definition
1. 1/2 or x^0.5
2. 2/3 or x^0.67
3. 1/3 or x^0.33
Term
Cladistics of phylognetic systematics is defined by...
Definition
-taxonomy groups go together
-A method of classifying organisms into clades
-A reconstruction of evolutionary history and a way to study the relationships among organisms
Term
What is a character?
Definition
An observable attribute of an organism
Term
A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among the members of a monophyletic group is called...
Definition
A phylogeny
Term
What is a monopyhletic group?
Definition
The same thing as a clade
Term
What is a paraphyletic group?
Definition
A group that does not include a common ancestor or has left out one or more of the descendants
Term
A topology is...
Definition
A branching pattern
Term
Define autoapomorphy and provide an example.
Definition
A unique self-derived character; used to diagnose a terminal taxon; an example is the neural crest
Term
A shared character that is used to diagnose a group such as a notochord, a postanal tail, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, or an amniotic egg is a....
Definition
Synapomorphy
Term
What is a pleisomorphy? What is an example of one?
Definition
It is an ancestral character that was pre-existing and present in outgroups, such as a vertebral column
Term
Primitive means...
Definition
Ancestral; it came before the group under study
Term
A derived character is...
Definition
A synapomorphy used to distinguis a group
Term
What is a homologous character?
Definition
Characters with shared phylogenetic history; they have the same developmental patterns; they are assumed to be very similar
Term
A general character with no ancestral tracking that resembles a character of anther animal is...
Definition
An analogous character
Term
What is convergent evolution? [Think about wings]
Definition
Evolving traits or functional purposes that evolve at different times
Term
Similarities that have originated independently with different lineages, also known as errors in phylogeny" are...
Definition
Homoplasies
Term
What is parsimony?
Definition
The idea that the simplest phylogeny is the correct one; you want the fewest steps possible on your tree
Term
What are the 3 major clades in the Phylum chordata?
Definition
1. Tunicata(=Urochordata)-a tunicate or sea squirt
2. Cephalochordata- lanclet or amphioxus
3. Craniata-hagfish and all vertebrates
Term
What are the BIG 5 synapomorphies?
Definition
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. Phayrngeal slits
4. Postanal tail-for swimming
5. Endostyle-later becomes the thyroid
Term
What are the 3 characteristics of protostomes?
Definition
-spiral cleavage, early fate
-lateral cords form mesoderm
-blastophore fate= mouth first
Term
What are the 3 characteristics of deuterostomes?
Definition
*radial cleavage, later fate
*outpockets form mesoderm
*blastophore fate= anus first
Term
Tunicates have the BIG 5 as larvae, but as adults...
Definition
They only have the endostyle and the pharyngeal arches
Term
The craniate brain has 3 parts. Describe them.
Definition
1. Forebrain-olfaction
2. Midbrain-ears and eyes
3. Hindbrain- transitional and other sensory functions
Term
Name all 12 synapomorphies of craniates.
Definition
1. Neural crest
2. Neurogenic placodes
3. Cranium/braincase
4.Complex sense organs
5. Tripartate brain
6. Cranial nerves
7. Complex endocrine system
8. Muscularized gut tube wall (Amphioxus has to use cilia)
9.Regionall differentiation of gut tube and organs
10.Muscularizd, multi-chambered heart
11.Hemoglobin for O2 transport in blood
12.Gills for respiration
Term
Commonly called hagfish, this group has numerous skin glands that allow them to escape predators by secreting slime
Definition
Myxiniformes
Term
What are the 3 synapomorphies of Vertebrata?
Definition
*Vertebrae
*2 semicircular ducts
*Radial fin muscles
Term
What is the scientific name of lampreys?
Definition
Petromyzontiformes
Term
What is important about the group osteostracans?
Definition
They have cellular bone
*cellular bone is made by trapping cells in the matrix
Term
The clade Gnathostomata is defined by which 6 synapomorphies?
Definition
1. Jaws
2. Paired appendages
3. Paired nostrils
4. 5 gill slits
5. 3 semicircular ducts
6. Joined gill arches (=visceral arches)
Term
Describe the gill arches of Gnathostomata.
Definition
*1st arch=mandibular arch composed of cartilage or endochondral bone
*2nd arch= hyoid arch-helps support jaw for feeding
*3rd-7th arches=5 pharyngeal arches
Term
Placoderms are extinct, but there were...
Definition
-serious predators
-fish-like organsism
-They had an optic pedicel which is a small cartilaginous prop that supports the back of the eye
Term
Chondrichthyes (Sharks) have four main synapomorphies. What are they?
Definition
*placoid scales
*ceratotrichia which are fin rays made of cartilage
*Vertebral centra
*A sub-terminal mouth
Term
Actinopterygians (teleost) are characterized by...
Definition
The presence of ganoid scales
Term
Sarcopterygians have what kind of scales?
Definition
Cosmoid (overlapping scales)
Term
The clade Rhupidista is defined by the presence of...
Definition
Labyrinthodont teeth, which means the enamel folds inward
Term
Tetrapoda is defined by these 3 things
Definition
1. Four limbs with digits
2. Presence of articulating zygapophyses on the vertebrae to attach muscles to the spinal column and maintain posture
3. Specialized sacral vertebrae that transfer body weight to the pelvic girdle and legs
Term
Ichthyostega is the earliest known tetrapod and is now extinct, but...
Definition
-it lived on land/water interface (had a lateral line)
-it has short ventures onto land
-it had many digits
-it had lungs and internal nares (choana)*
Term
Amphibian synapomorphies include...
Definition
*reduction in the number of digits to 4 or less
*Aquatic larvae metamorphosing into adults
*Short ribs
*Amphibian papilla (inner ear) for hearing
Term
The clade amniota is defined by these 2 synapomorphies.
Definition
1. Internal fertilization
2. Development of an amniotic egg
Term
The amniotic egg has 4 extra-embryonic sacs. Name and describe them.
Definition
1] Yolk sac-nutrition
2] Amnion- fluid bath for protection
3] Allantois-collects waste
4] Chorion- Allows gas exchange
Term
Diapsids are defined by...
Definition
Having TWO temporal fenestrae
Term
Mammalian synapomorphies include these 5 things.
Definition
1)Presence of a malleus (articular), incus (quadrate), and stapes (collumella/hyomandibular) in the ear
2)Sound detecting cochela in the inner ear
3)Hair
4)Mammary glands
5)Jaw point between the dentary and the squamosal
Term
There are 3 main groups of mammals. Name them, the animals, and name 1 synapomorphy.
Definition
*Monotremata-includes platypus and echidnas-they are the only ones to lay eggs
*Metatheria-marsupials like kangaroos and possums-the embryo develops in a pouch
*Eutheria-humans, cows, dogs-have a long embryonic and fetal development
Term
This creature has a lot of modern amphibian traits and few fish-like characteristics. What is it?
Definition
Tiktaalik
Term
Define development.
Definition
The sum total of changes that occur from birth to maturation (death).
Term
What is ontogeny?
Definition
The total of the stages of an organism's life history
Term
The study of developmental stages that occur between fertilization and birth (the same thing as developmental biology) is...
Definition
Embryology
Term
A series of stages during which a fertilized egg is converted into a self-dependent organism is called...
Definition
Embryogenesis
Term
Where do all the anatomical structures of advanced life come from?
Definition
The totipotent cell
Term
What are the three modes that induce cells to change?
Definition
1. Cell-cell contact
2. Morphogen
3. Extracellular matrix
Term
Areas with little yolk that divide faster and have smaller blastomeres are the...
Definition
Animal Pole
Term
The vegetal pole is...
Definition
The area with a lot of yolk that divides slowly and has larger blastomeres
Term
Describe a microlecithal egg
Definition
*It has little yolk
*Holoblastic cleavage
*Must have an external food source (larvae or placenta)
Term
This type of egg is defined by having holoblastic cleavage, but yolk is displaced to one pole. The blastocoel is also displaced (amphibians). It prodeuces unequal sized blastomeres
Definition
Mesolecithal eggs
Term
A macrolecithal egg...
Definition
-Has a large amount of yolk
-Has meroblastic cleavage
-Has one small disc-like area that undergoes cleavage (this is the blastula of other organisms)
-sharks, fish, reptiles, birds
Term
What is the definition of involution?
Definition
All cells are moving or flowing to the inside to form the chordamesoderm
Term
What are the steps of neurulation?
Definition
1a) Shaping
1b) Folding (notochord formation)
2) Elevation
3) Convergence
4) Closure of the neural crest then the neural tube
Term
Name the 3 subdivisions of somites.
Definition
-Sclerotome
-Myotome
-Dermatome
Term
The neural crest makes up the...
Definition
Eyes, nerves, and pharyngeal arches/jaws
Term
Sensory structures, nasal structures, the forebrain and cranial nerves, otic structures, and semicircular canals all come from...
Definition
The neurogenic placode
Term
What are hox genes?
Definition
Patterning and segmenting genes which control structural genes
Term
What does paedomorphosis mean?
Definition
Retaining juvenile traits into adulthood (the trait can easily be compared to the ancestor)
Term
What is paramorphosis?
Definition
Development of an entirely new trait than that of the ancestor; the shape is extended
Term
Changes in developmental timing of a trait relative to the ancestral pattern is called...
Definition
Heterchrony
Term
The human head is an example of this. The head grows at a rate that is slower than the rest of the body. What is this called?
Definition
Negative allometry
Term
Isometry is...
Definition
An equal rate of growth; the slope on a graph would be exactly 1
Term
Whale bones (maxilla) in the skull develop rapidly with the body. What is developmental pattern called?
Definition
Positive allometry
Term
What is pleiotropy?
Definition
One gene has multiple affects on the phenotype
Term
Epistasis is...
Definition
one gene being influenced in terms of expression by other genes
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