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CUM 200-Human Anatomy Endocrine System
CUM 200-Anatomy Endocrine System
131
Medical
Graduate
10/17/2009

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Term
Other organs that have cells that secrete hormones: (4)
Definition

1. The heart

 

2. The Digestive Tract

 

3. The Kidneys

 

4. The Skin

Term

The pituitary gland secretes at least how many hormones?

 

in how many parts?

Definition

9

 

The anterior and posterior pituitary gland

Term
The Anterior Pituitary Gland Contains at least five classes of cells:
Definition

1. Somatotrophic cells

 

2. Mammotrophic cells

 

3. Thyrotrophic cells

 

4. Corticotrophic cells

 

5. Gonadotrophic cells

Term
These five classes of cells secrete 7 types of hormones:
Definition

1. Growth hormone-(growth of entire body)

 

2. Prolactin-(manufacture of milk by the breasts)

 

3. Thyroid Stimuating hormone-(control metabolic rate)

 

4. Adrendocrticotripic hormone-(helps people deal with stress)

 

5. Melanocyte stimulating hormone-(darkens skin pigmentation)

 

6. Follicle Stimulating hormone-(act on gonads)

 

7. Lutenizing hormone-(induce ovulation)

 

 

Term
Posterior Pituitary Gland Secretes 2 types of hormones:
Definition

1. Antidiuretic Hormome (ADH)-keeps you from peeing

 

2. Oxytocin-helps uterus contract during labor

Term

Anterior Pituitary Contain-Somatotrophic cells

 

These cells secrete what which does what?

Definition

GH-Growth Hormone

 

which stimulates the growth of the entire body

Term

The Anterior Pituitary Contains Mammotrophic cells

 

these cells secrete what hormone?

 

this hormone stimultes the manufacture of what?

Definition

Prolactin (PRL)

 

which stimulates the manufacture of milk by the breasts.

Term

The Anterior Pituitary contains Thyrotropic cells

 

These cells secrete which hormone?

 

This hormone ultimatley controlls what?

Definition

 

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

 

This ultimatley controls the metabolic rate

Term

The Anterior Pituitary Contains Corticotrophic Cells

 

which secrete two hormones

 

what do they do?

Definition

1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

-helps people deal with stress

 

2. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

-darkens skin pigmentation

Term

The Anterior Pituitary Contains Gonadotrophic cells

 

which secrete two hormones

 

what are they? What do they do?

 

what are they called together?

Definition

1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone-FSH

-act on the gonads

-stimulate the maturation of sex cells

-induce the secretion of sex hormones

 

2. Lutenizing hormone (LH)

-secreted in large amounts in the middle of the menstrual cycle to induce ovulation.

 

3. Gonadotropins

Term
What are LH and FSH called together?
Definition
Gonadotrophins
Term
Lutenizing hormone in males does what?
Definition

-signals primarily testosterone in the testes

 

-FSH stimulates the maturation of sperm cells

Term
In females, FSH does what?
Definition

-stimulates the secretion of androgens, estrogens and progesterone

 

-stimulate the maturation of the egg containing ovarian follicles

Term
What does LH do in females?
Definition
-It is secreted in large amounts in the middl of the menstrual cycle to induce ovulation
Term
The secretion of the hormones by the anterior pituitary is controlled by what part of the brain?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
The hypothalamus secretes what hormones to make the anterior pituitary release hormones?
Definition
Releasing hormones
Term
What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete to turn off the hormones released by the anterior pituitary?
Definition
Inhibiting hormones
Term
The hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones by what?
Definition
the anterior pituitary
Term
The Anterior Pituitary Controls the Secretion of Hormones by what other glands?
Definition

1. Thyroid Gland

 

2. Adrenal Cortex

 

3. Gonads

Term
The Posterior Pituitary: Neurohyphosis secretes how many hormones?
Definition
Two
Term

The Posterior Pituitary consists of nervous tissue.

 

what type of axons? what do they make up?

Definition

unmyelinated axons and neurogial cells

 

they make up the hypohyseal tract (transport for hormones made by the bypothalamus and released and stored by the posterior pituitary)

Term
Two hormones released and stored by the posterior pituitary
Definition

1. Oxytocin (kicks baby out)

 

2. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Term
ADH/Antidiuretic hormone is also called what?
Definition
Vasopressin
Term
What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) target?
Definition

Targets the collecting ducts and distal tubules in the kidney.

 

 

Term
What does Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) respond to?
Definition

it responds by reabsorbing more water from the urine and returing it to the bloodstream

 

 

Term
ADH helps the body retain what?
Definition

as much fluid as possible when the body is

-dehydrated

or there is

-severe bleeding

Term
also, when fluid loss lowers blood pressure it causes peripheral arterioles to constrict and raise blood pressure.
Definition
Term
What does oxytocin do in the reproduction ogans of both males and females?
Definition
It induces the contraction of smooth muscles of the reproductive organs in both males and females
Term
What does oxytocin do in females during birth?
Definition
oxytocin signals the uterus to contract expelling the infant during childbirth.
Term
What does oxytocin do during breast feeding?
Definition
Oxytocin causes the breast to eject milk during breast feeding
Term
In monogamous mammels oxytocin and adh cause a desire to:
Definition

cuddle

groom

bond with a mate

 

the cute cuddling hormones**

Term
The thyroid gland contains two lobes that is connected by a median bridge called the
Definition
isthmus
Term
what is located in the anterior neck of the trachea?
Definition
thyroid
Term

The thyroid gland produces how many hormones?

 

 

Definition

1. Thyroid hormone--thyroxine--T4 and T3-Tri-Iodothyronine

 

2. Calcitonin-secreted when blood levels of Ca are high

Term
what do both T4 and T3 contain that are vital to thier function of the hormone?
Definition
Iodine
Term
What are thyroid horomones responsible for?
Definition
increasing the basal metabolic rate
Term
which gland is the only gland that stores its own hormones?
Definition
Thyroid
Term
Excess of T4 have a high activity level, are figgety, and alsways feel warm. What is this?
Definition
Hyperthyroidism
Term
What is secreted when the blood levels of CA are high?
Definition

Calcitonin

 

-lowers blood levels of CA by slowing down calcium releasing activing of osteoclasts in bone and increasing calcium sectretion by the kidney.

Term
Which hormone acts mainly during childhood when the skeleton grows quickly and osteoclast activity needs to be slowed?
Definition
Calcitonin
Term
Which gland is the only endocdine gland that stores its hormone extracellularly in and in large quantities?
Definition
The Thyroid Gland!!
Term
Which gland secretes TSH which initiates the secretion of the stored thyroid horomone?
Definition
Pituitary gland
Term
How many parathyroid glands are there?
Definition
Two
Term
The parathyroid gland contains two types of endocrine CELLS:
Definition

1. Chief Cells

 

2. Oxypil Cells

Term
What do Oxyphil cells do?
Definition
We have no idea what this does
Term
What do chief cells do?
Definition

they produce a hormone called the parathyroid horomone

 

-increases the blood concentration of CA whenever it falls too much.

Term
The chief cells from the parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone that stimulates what to release more CA from the bones?
Definition

osteoclasts

 

PTH increase the blood concentration of CA whenever it falls too much.

Term
PTH raises what?
Definition
calcium levels in the blood
Term
calcitonin hormone secreted by the thyroid gland does what?
Definition
lowers blood levels of CA.
Term
What does vitamin D stimulate the uptake of?
Definition
Calcium by the small intestine
Term
Low CA levels lead to lethal neuromuscular disorders that manifest as:
Definition

1. uncontrolled spasams

 

2. severe pain

 

3. death

Term
The adrenal glads are also called what?
Definition
suprarenal glands
Term
the adrenal glands cosist of 2 endocrine glands:
Definition

1. adrenal medulla

 

2.  adrenal cortex

Term
the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and medulla help people deal with
Definition

1. danger

 

2. stress

 

3. terror

Term

The adrenal medualla is apart of what part of the nervous system?

 

secretes which two hormones?

Definition

autonomic nervous system

 

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Term
what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?
Definition

they go into the bloodstream and enhance the fight or flight response

 

the produce the widespread excitation effects which we feel a surge of adrenaline

Term

epinephrine equals what!!!??

 

 

norepinephrine equals what?????

Definition

adrenaline

 

 

nerotransmitter

Term
adrenal medulla secretes what two hormones?
Definition

epinephrine

 

noepinephrine

Term
adrenal cortex sectretes a varitey of hormones all being what type of hormones?
Definition
steroid hormones. corticosteroids.
Term
the adrenal cortex has three layers. What are they?
Definition

1. zona glomerulosa

 

2. zona fasciculata

 

3. zona peticularis

Term
adrenal corticosteroids have two main classes
Definition

1. mineracocorticoids--aldosterone

 

2. glucocorticoids--cortisol

Term
what hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?
Definition
aldosterone
Term
what does aldosteron respond to?
Definition

a decline in either blood volume

or

a decline in blood pressure (severe hemorrhage)

Term
aldosterone due to decline of blood volume or blood pressure prompts the distal tubles and collecting ducts in the kidneys to reabsorb what in to the blood, thus, increasing blood volume?
Definition

sodium

 

when there is more sodium in the blood, more water follows.

Term
cortisol is secreted by what part of the adrenal cortex?
Definition
zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
Term
what does cortisol help the body do?
Definition

it helps the body deal with stressful situations such as:

 

fasting

anxiety

trauma

crowding

infection

Term
glucocorticoids keep blood glucose levels high or low to support the brain's functions while forcing most other body cells to switch fats and amino acids as energy sources?
Definition
high
Term
glucocorticoids redirect circulating lymphocytes to where to fight what?
Definition
redirect circulating lymphocytes to lymphoid and peripheral tissues where the pathogens hang out.
Term
glucocorticoids in large quantities depress what?
Definition
they depress the immune system and the inflammatory response
Term
gluticocorticoids are given as anti inflammatory drugs to treat what type of diseases?
Definition

1. rheumatoid arthritis

2. joint injuries

3. severe allergies

4. tendinitis

5. other inflammaory disorders

Term

The path of glucocorticoid secretion works as follows.

 

1.

 

2.

 

3.

Definition

1. The brain senses there is a stressful situation

 

2. the hypothalamus tells the anterior pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

 

3. ACTCH travels to the adrenal cortex and tells it to secrete glucocorticoids

Term
what also can stimualte the secretion of glucocorticoids?
Definition
the sympathetic nervous system
Term
the sympathetic nervous system is part of what nervous system?
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
the sympthetic nervous system is part of the flight or what?
Definition

fight

 

is mobilized the body during extreme situations

-fear

-exercise

-rage

Term
the parasympathetic system does what?
Definition

rest and digest

 

enables the body to relax, unwind, and conserve energy

 

controls routine maintenance functions

 

most active when the body is at rest

Term

Zona reticularis also secretes large quantities of a hormone called dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

 

what is it converted to?

Definition

DHEA is converted to testosterone and estrogen in the peripheral tisues

 

 

Term
thought beneficial effects of DHEA are:
Definition

counteracting stress

 

bosting immunity

 

imporving mood

Term
what does the pineal gland secrete?
Definition
melatonin
Term
what does melatonin do?
Definition
it regulates circadian rhythms
Term
what structure is used as a landmark for idenitifying other structures in the brain due to its dense calcium minerals?
Definition
pineal gland
Term
where is the pancreas?
Definition
it is located in the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity
Term
The pancreas contains both endocrine and what type of cells?
Definition
endocrine and exocrine cells
Term
the endocrine cells of the pancreas are in spherical bodies called
Definition
islets of langerhans
Term
in the islet of langerhans ther are two type of cells called what?
Definition
alpha and beta
Term
what does alpha cells of the islets of the pancrease secrete?
Definition
glucagon
Term
what does glucagon do?
Definition

1. signals liver cells to remove clucose from their glycogen stores

 

2. raises blood sugar levels when they fall too low

Term
what do beta cells do of the islets of pancreas?
Definition

the beta cells secrete insulin

 

 

Term
what does insulin do?
Definition

1. signals most cells of the body to take up glucose from the blood

 

2.  promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen n the liver which lowers excessive blood sugar levels.

Term
what is located in the lower neck and anterior thorax?
Definition
the thymus
Term
what is an important immune organ where T lymphocytes arise from immature lymphocytes?
Definition
the thymus
Term
what two hormones does the thymus secrete?
Definition

1. thymosin

 

2. thymopoietin

Term
when is the thymus most active?
Definition

in newborns

 

it continues to increase in size during childhood when it is most active

 

begins to atrophy during late adolescence and is slowly replaced with fibrous and fatty tissue.

Term
what causes the lymphocytes to mature but does not directly fight antigens?
Definition
the thymus
Term
what ecompases the gonads?
Definition

the testes and ovaries

 

main source of the steroid sex hormones

Term
what are androgens referred as?
Definition
sex cells
Term
what does testosterone do?
Definition

1. maintain the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics of males

 

2. help promote the formation of sperm

Term
testes secrete androgens:
Definition
testosterone
Term
ovaries secrete adrogens and ar directly converted into estrogen and produce
Definition
progesterone
Term
what hormone maintains the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics of females
Definition
estrogen
Term
what hormone in females signals the uterus to prepare for pregnancy?
Definition
progesterone
Term

what hormone in men maintains the reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristcs of males?

 

it also helps promote the formation of sperm?

Definition
testosterone
Term
what at the atria contains some specialized cardiac muscle cells that secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Definition
the heart
Term
what organ secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
Definition
the heart
Term

what hormone stimulates kidney salt secretion?

 

decreases excess blood volume, high blood sodium concentration?

Definition
ANP or Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Term
what organ has cells that make up the diffuse neroendocrine system (DNES)?
Definition
the gastrointestinal tract
Term
what hormones regulate digestion, control aspects of blood chemistry, and adjust local blood flow?
Definition
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES)
Term
what two hormones can the kidneys secrete?
Definition
renin and erythropoietin
Term
what hormone secreted by the kidneys can INDIRECTLY signal the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone?
Definition
renin
Term
what hormone secreted by the kidneys can signal the bone marrow to increase the production of red blood cells?
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
what organ uses present epidermal cells that expose themselves to ultraviolet light in sunlight and are converted to a precursor of vitamin D.
Definition
The skin
Term
what vitamin sigans the intestine to absorb calcium from the diet?
Definition
calcium
Term
what is it called when a tumor causes hypersecretion of GH in children and they grow to 8 feet and do so exceptioinally fast?
Definition
gigantism caused by too much growth factor hormone
Term

what disorder it is called when if after the bones have stopped growing excessive amounts of GH are secreted it will result in enlargement of bony areas that are still able to repond to GH?

 

The hands, feet and face?

Definition
Acromegaly-in adults with too much growth hormone
Term

what disorder is it when hyposecretion of GH in children cause them to have small structures and

can reach normal stature if given GH injections?

Definition

dwarfism

pituitary dwarfs

hyposecretion of GH

Term

what disease is caused by insufficient secretion of ADH (vasopressin)

that is caused by a blow to the head that damages the posterior pituitary

tumor

or kidney damage?

Definition
Diabetes insipidus
Term
what is diabetes mellitus type one caused by?
Definition
not enough secretion of insulin
Term
what type of disease is caused by resistance of body cells to the effects of insulin?
Definition
diabetes mellitus type 2
Term
Ketone acidosis is when fats have an acidic breakdown which leads to what?
Definition
ketones accumulating in the blood leading to depletion of water and electrylytes.
Term
is type one diabetes insulin dependent?
Definition
yes
Term
what disorder is a T cell mediated autoimmune response which destroys the insulin secreting beta cells in the pancreas?
Definition
diabetes type one
Term

so insulin in diabets type one must be administered many times throughout the day to control blood glucose levels

 

high levels of lipids in their blodd predisposes them to:

 

excessive sugan iin thier body fluids disrupts what?

Definition

atherosclerosis

 

 

disrupts capillary function

Term
what are some lifestyle choices/modifications that people with type one diabetes can do?
Definition

1. regular exercise

 

2. management of diet and blood sugar level

 

these things delay onset of complications

Term
which type of diabetes is non insulin dependent?
Definition
type two
Term
which type of diabetes has a person's cells not senstive to the effects of insulin?
Definition
diabetes type two
Term

which diabetes is more common?

 

what are some lifestyle factors modifications for diabetes type two?

Definition

type two

 

lose weight

avoid high carbs

sugar rich foods

regular exercise

 

these modifications control type two diabetes and decrease the likleyhood of its development

Term

diseases of the adrenal cortex:

 

what disease is caused by ACTH secreting pituitary tumor (most common) of tumor of the adrenal cortex?

Definition
Cushing's disease
Term

what disease is characterized by high levels of blood glucose loss of protein from the muscles

lethargy

swollen face

redistribution of fat to the poserior neck (buffalo hump)

depression of the immune and inflammatory responses

Definition
Cushing's disease
Term
mild cases of why type of syndrome can be caused by large doses of glucocorticoids being prescribed?
Definition
Cushing's syndrome
Term
what disease of the adrenal cortex is caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticioids?
Definition
Addison's disease
Term

what disease is characterized by

blood levels of glucose drop

sodium levels drop

severe dehydration

low blood sugar

fatigue

loss of appetite

abdominal pain

blowining of skin and gums

Definition
Addison's disease
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