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CSU Life 103 von Fischer
Biology of Organisms Exam 2, Lectures 10-
146
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/10/2013

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Term
What is an example of a model plant system?
Definition
Arabidopsis thaliana.
Term
What is the study of the function (physical and chemical) of tissues and organs?
Definition
Physiology.
Term
What is the study of the interactions of organisms with each other and their environment?
Definition
Ecology.
Term
What is the study of molecular and cellular processes by which cells differentiate and organize to form tissues and organs?
Definition
Developmental biology.
Term
What is a species studied in exceptional detail to understand how it works?
Definition
Model organism.
Term
Why is Arabidopsis easy to study?
Definition
Small weed with short generation time and very small genome.
Term
What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?
Definition
Arabidopsis.
Term
Why are genetic mutants studied?
Definition
They help in understanding how plants work. They are often intentionally created. They help link genes to phenotype.
Term
What determines the direction of growth in the plant body?
Definition
The plane of cell division.
Term
What determines the plane of division in the plant body?
Definition
How microtubules are connected just before mitosis.
Term
What determines a cell's polarity?
Definition
Molecular signals within the cell and how microtubules are aligned.
Term
What rings the cell wall of plants?
Definition
Microfibrils in the cell wall.
Term
What weakens the connections between microfibrils during plant cell expansion?
Definition
Enzymes.
Term
What fill with H2O to allow plant cells to expand?
Definition
Vacuoles.
Term
What is the direction of expansion during plant cell expansion?
Definition
Along the cell's main axis.
Term
What happens as rings move farther apart during plant cell expansion?
Definition
Rings.
Term
What information must cells have in order to differentiate into the correct cell type?
Definition
Where they are.
Term
What provides cells information as to where they are?
Definition
Gradients of hormones, proteins, or mRNA.
Term
What do root hairs form from?
Definition
Epidermal cells touching 2 cortex cells.
Term
What controls the forming of root hairs?
Definition
GLABRA-2 gene.
Term
What does GLABRA-2 expression prevent?
Definition
Root hair formation.
Term
What are the master regulatory genes that determine the differentiation (fate) of groups of cells?
Definition
Homeotic genes.
Term
What do homeotic genes code for?
Definition
Proteins that bind to DNA and affect which genes are transcribed.
Term
What type of mutation can put tissues or organs in the wrong place?
Definition
Homeotic mutations.
Term
What are the four major flower organs?
Definition
Sepals, petals, stamen, carpels.
Term
What are the three main plant organs?
Definition
Root, stem, leaf.
Term
What type of plants have taproots?
Definition
Gymnosperms and eudicots.
Term
What are lateral roots?
Definition
Roots that branch off of the taproot.
Term
What are finer roots that access water and nutrients?
Definition
Root hairs?
Term
What are points of the stem where leaves are attached?
Definition
Nodes.
Term
What are stem segments between nodes?
Definition
Internodes.
Term
What is the structure that can form a lateral shoot?
Definition
Axillary bud.
Term
What inhibits the growth of axillary buds?
Definition
Proximity to apical bud.
Term
What is the elongation point of a growing shoot?
Definition
Apical bud.
Term
What is another name for the apical bud?
Definition
Terminal bud.
Term
What is the main photosynthetic organ of a plant?
Definition
Leaf.
Term
What is the flattened structure of a leaf?
Definition
Blade.
Term
What is the small "leaf stem" that joins the leaf to the stem at the node?
Definition
Petiole.
Term
What is the outer protective layer of plants?
Definition
Dermal tissue.
Term
What is the waxy coating over the epidermis?
Definition
Cuticle.
Term
What kind of cell is a root hair?
Definition
Extended epidermal cell.
Term
What are two examples of ground tissue?
Definition
Pith and cortex.
Term
What is the difference between the pith and cortex?
Definition
Pith is internal to vascular tissue. Cortex is external to vascular tissue.
Term
What type of tissue is neither dermal or vascular?
Definition
Ground tissue.
Term
What is responsible for the long distance transport of materials between root/shoot?
Definition
Vascular tissue.
Term
What vascular tissue transports sugar?
Definition
Phloem.
Term
What vascular tissue transports H2O and minerals?
Definition
Xylem.
Term
What is a collection of vascular tissue? (Means "pillar.")
Definition
Stele.
Term
What is the developmental changes in a cell's cytoplasm, organelles, and/or cell wall during development?
Definition
Differentiation.
Term
What is tissue that is perpetually embryonic?
Definition
Meristem.
Term
What is located at the apical bud of shoots and roots that allows for primary growth in length?
Definition
Apical meristem.
Term
What allows secondary growth?
Definition
Lateral meristem.
Term
What are the two types of lateral meristems?
Definition
Vascular meristem and cork cambium.
Term
What adds layers of secondary xylem and secondary phloem?
Definition
Vascular meristem.
Term
What replaces epidermis with tough periderm?
Definition
Cork cambium.
Term
What is a cluster of protective, slimy cells that protect the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil.
Definition
Root cap.
Term
What is the meristem area where mitosis and cytokinesis produces new cells?
Definition
Zone of division.
Term
What is the meristem area where cells lengthen?
Definition
Zone of elongation.
Term
What is the meristem area where cells become a distinct cell type?
Definition
Zone of differentiation.
Term
Where do lateral roots emerge from? Why?
Definition
Pericycle, inside of the stele. So that lateral roots are connected to the vascular network.
Term
What are embryonic leaf tissues that develop into leaves?
Definition
Leaf primordia.
Term
What produces the leaf primordia and axillary bud meristems?
Definition
Shoot apical meristem.
Term
What produces the primary phloem and xylem tissues?
Definition
Growth and development at the apical meristem.
Term
What produces xylem inside and phloem outside?
Definition
Vascular cambium.
Term
What causes outer layers to rupture?
Definition
Increased growth caused by vascular cambium growth.
Term
What is a second cambium that forms on the cortex or outside the secondary phloem?
Definition
Cork cambium.
Term
What produces cork cells that replace the epidermis?
Definition
Cork cambium.
Term
What does bark consist of?
Definition
Periderm (cambium and cork) + secondary phloem.
Term
What do layers and layers of xylem make?
Definition
Wood.
Term
What is different about early wood compared to late wood?
Definition
Secondary xylem cells are larger diameter to maximize H2O delivery to growing leaves. Late wood has smaller diameter, thick walled cells.
Term
When would growth rings be larger?
Definition
Warmer and wetter years.
Term
What is an example of a net dipole?
Definition
Water.
Term
What is the diffusive movement of anion along concentration and charge gradients?
Definition
Passive transport.
Term
What type of transport requires no energy input?
Definition
Passive transport.
Term
How is active transport conducted?
Definition
By a transport protein.
Term
What is the pumping of anion against a concentration or charge gradient?
Definition
Active transport.
Term
How do proton pumps work?
Definition
They use ATP to Pump H+ out of the cell, creating a charge and ion gradient.
Term
Why is it important that proton pumps create a charge and ion gradient?
Definition
The gradient can be used to move other ions.
Term
How do cations move along the H+ charge gradient?
Definition
Cation transport proteins.
Term
What is different about anion co-transport?
Definition
Requires both H+ and anion be brought into the cell together by a transport protein. (Two active sites.)
Term
What does a higher H+ concentration mean?
Definition
That the concentration is more acidic.
Term
What is the diffusion of water across a membrane?
Definition
Osmosis.
Term
What determines osmosis?
Definition
Solute concentration and pressure.
Term
What is the Ψ of pure water?
Definition
0
Term
What does the addition of solute do to Ψ?
Definition
Lowers Ψ (more negative).
Term
What does "turgid" mean?
Definition
Pressurized.
Term
What would happen to animal cells at high solute concentrations?
Definition
They would burst.
Term
What is the typical pressure inside a plant cell?
Definition
0.5MPa
Term
What happens when a plant loses turgor pressure?
Definition
It wilts.
Term
What are recently identified membrane proteins that facilitate H2O transport?
Definition
Aquaporins.
Term
What is the continuous space joining everything outside the plasma membrane?
Definition
Apoplast.
Term
What does the apoplast include?
Definition
Cell wall and dead tracheid and vessel cells.
Term
What is the apoplastic route?
Definition
Transport only via apoplastic spaces.
Term
What is the continuous cytosol joined between cells by plasmodesmata?
Definition
Symplast.
Term
What route transports across the cell wall and membrane once then through cells the rest of the way?
Definition
Symplastic route.
Term
What route is the repeated crossing of apoplast cell membrane and symplast?
Definition
Transmembrane route.
Term
What are the "checkpoint" of plant cells?
Definition
Endodermis (innermost root cortex cells)
Term
What is the waxy barrier between endodermal cell walls that stops apoplastic transport to xylem?
Definition
Casparian Strip.
Term
What requires all ions entering the plant to pass through a plasma membrane?
Definition
Casparian Strip.
Term
What route is unaffected by the Casparian Strip?
Definition
The symplastic route.
Term
What are stomata?
Definition
Tiny pores on leaves.
Term
What pulls water up the xylem?
Definition
Water loss out of the stomata dries the cell wall surface of internal leaf cells. Surface tension causes water to be attracted out o the xylem to re-wet these cell walls.
Term
At what rate is water pulled through xylem?
Definition
15-45 m/hr.
Term
What is the water loss from leaves that pulls water through xylem called?
Definition
Transpiration.
Term
What is the only way an ion can enter xylem?
Definition
With a membrane protein.
Term
What cell type performs most of the metabolic functions of the plant?
Definition
Parenchyma.
Term
Which cell type carries water from roots to leaves?
Definition
Vessel elements.
Term
Which cell type is typically accompanied by a "companion cell?"
Definition
Sieve tube elements.
Term
Where does 95% of water loss in plants occur?
Definition
Stomata.
Term
How much of the leaf area is covered by stomata?
Definition
1-2%.
Term
What maintains the sausage shape of guard cells?
Definition
Microfibrils.
Term
Are guard cells open or closed when turgid?
Definition
Open.
Term
What sets the turgidity of the guard cells?
Definition
The active pumping of K+ across plasma and vacuole membranes.
Term
What happens to guard cells when they experience mild drought stress?
Definition
They close.
Term
What cues the opening of guard cells?
Definition
Light, internal CO2, circadian rhythm.
Term
Who studies the interaction of organisms with each other and with their environments?
Definition
Ecologists.
Term
What do most angiosperms require to transfer pollen?
Definition
Animals.
Term
What is the flower structure uniquely altered to do?
Definition
Attract pollinators.
Term
What are bees drawn to?
Definition
Yellow, blue, and UV colored flowers.
Term
What are moths and butterflies drawn to?
Definition
Fragrant white flowers.
Term
What are birds drawn to?
Definition
Nectar-rich flowers. Nectar is sometimes "guarded" by long floral tubes.
Term
What are flies drawn to?
Definition
Flowers that look/smell like dead meat.
Term
What are bats drawn to?
Definition
Fragrant white, nectar rich flowers.
Term
If a sugar molecule is in the apoplastic space, how does it get back into the symplasm?
Definition
Co-transported with H+.
Term
What is the movement of sugars from one part of a plant to another?
Definition
Translocation.
Term
What is the sugar source compared to a sugar sink?
Definition
The sugar source is the place where sugars are produced (usually leaves) and the sugar sink is where sugars are consumed or deposited (like roots).
Term
What is the sugary solution that flows through phloem?
Definition
Phloem sap.
Term
What is the route of sugars from the mesophyll cell to sieve tube?
Definition
Apoplastic or symplastic route.
Term
What happens when sugar-rich sieve tubes take on H2O?
Definition
Pressure increases.
Term
How does phloem sap move?
Definition
From high pressure to low pressure areas.
Term
What happens when sugar reaches sink areas?
Definition
Sugar is pumped out of the sieve tubes causing H2O to leave and pressure to drop.
Term
Where would you NOT find a meristem?
Definition
Root hair.
Term
Where is the force generated that moves water from soil into the roots?
Definition
On the microfibrils of the mesophyll cell in the leaf.
Term
What is a signalling molecule in tiny amounts in one part of the organism and is transported to other parts where it binds to a specific receptor and triggers responses at target cells?
Definition
Hormone.
Term
What are three hormone effects?
Definition
Alter gene expression, alter enzyme activity, change membrane properties.
Term
What hormone is transported directionally through parenchyma tissues from tip to base?
Definition
IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid).
Term
Where are IAA transporter proteins found?
Definition
Only at the base of cells.
Term
How do Auxins stimulate cell elongation in young shoots?
Definition
Activates proton pumps to lower pH around the cell wall. Low pH activates expansion proteins that weaken the cell wall. Turgor pressure causes the cell to expand.
Term
What do Auxins produced in apical meristems do?
Definition
Inhibit growth at axillary meristems.
Term
What is apical dominance?
Definition
Means that central main stem grows more than the side stems.
Term
What does "rooting powder" contain? What does it cause?
Definition
Contains IAA. Causes cuttings to produce roots.
Term
What is a synthetic auxin that kills eudicots but not monocots? How?
Definition
Herbicide 2,4-D. Eudicots grow unsustainably and die. Monocots are rapidly inactivated to 2,4-D.
Term
What hormone enhances stem growth?
Definition
Gibberellins (GA).
Term
What happens to dwarf mutants when GA is sprayed on?
Definition
They grow to a normal height.
Term
What hormone signals seeds to break dormancy?
Definition
GA.
Term
What cues induce GA production?
Definition
Water or light.
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