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CSU BMS 300 Walrond
Human Physiology Unit 6: Nervous System
130
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
02/25/2013

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Term
What is the fundamental control system of the body?
Definition
The nervous system.
Term
What carries out commands of action given by the nervous system?
Definition
Muscles or glands.
Term
What carries information into the central nervous system?
Definition
Sensory neurons.
Term
Where are sensory receptors located?
Definition
Outside the central nervous system in the periphery.
Term
What is the processing of sensory information and the selection of a response called? Where does it occur?
Definition
Integration. CNS.
Term
Where does motor output originate?
Definition
In the CNS.
Term
Where does the response to motor output signals from the CNS occur?
Definition
In the periphery.
Term
What are the three basic functions of the nervous system?
Definition
Sensory input, integration, and motor output.
Term
What is another name for neurons?
Definition
Nerve cells.
Term
What are the sites that electrical signals are transferred among neurons called?
Definition
Synapses.
Term
What are the two major regions of the nervous system?
Definition
CNS, PNS.
Term
What does the CNS consist of?
Definition
Brain and spinal cord.
Term
What does the PNS consist of?
Definition
The portion of the nervous system located outside of the CNS.
Term
What two types of information can nerves in the PNS carry?
Definition
Both sensory and motor information.
Term
What are bundles of axons in the CNS called?
Definition
Tracts.
Term
What are the two major subdivisions of the PNS?
Definition
Sensory and motor.
Term
What is another name for the sensory portion of the PNS?
Definition
Afferent.
Term
What does the Latin root of "afferent" mean?
Definition
To bring toward.
Term
What do somatic afferents do?
Definition
Carry information TO the CNS about skin, skeletal muscles, and joints.
Term
What do visceral afferents do?
Definition
Carry information TO the CNS from organs such as the intestines.
Term
What does the root "soma" (as in somatic afferents) mean?
Definition
Body
Term
What is the motor division of the PNS?
Definition
Efferent.
Term
What does the Latin root of "efferent" mean?
Definition
To bring out.
Term
What division of the PNS brings about a response?
Definition
Efferent.
Term
What are the two subdivisions of the motor division of the PNS?
Definition
Somatic and autonomic.
Term
What is the somatic nervous system sometimes called?
Definition
The voluntary nervous system.
Term
What is the efferent nervous system sometimes called?
Definition
The involuntary nervous system.
Term
What consists of motor neurons that activate the skeletal muscles?
Definition
Somatic nervous system.
Term
What system regulates activity in the organs such as the heart, lung, gut, bladder, and genitalia?
Definition
Autonomic nervous system.
Term
What are the two systems that the autonomic nervous system is subdivided into?
Definition
Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Term
What tends to increase the activity of an organ?
Definition
Sympathetic system.
Term
What tends to decrease the activity of an organ?
Definition
Parasympathetic system.
Term
What are the five regions of the central nervous system?
Definition
Spinal cord, brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, and cerebellum.
Term
What does "caudal" mean?
Definition
Toward the tail.
Term
What is the most caudal part of the CNS?
Definition
Spinal cord.
Term
What does the spinal cord do?
Definition
Controls movement of the limb and trunk and receives sensory information from the skin, joints, and muscles of the limb and trunk.
Term
What is an extension of the spinal cord?
Definition
Brain stem.
Term
What is responsible for the skin and muscles of the head?
Definition
Brain stem.
Term
Where do cranial nerves originate?
Definition
Brain stem.
Term
What does the diencephalon contain?
Definition
Thalamus and hypothalamus.
Term
What is the function of the thalamus?
Definition
Relay site for information going to the cerebral cortex.
Term
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Definition
Controls various autonomic, endocrine, and visceral functions.
Term
What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?
Definition
Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.
Term
What is the spinal cord encased in?
Definition
A bony column of vertebrae that provide protection to the cord and yet permit mobility.
Term
What is the spinal cord surrounded by?
Definition
Three meningeal layers.
Term
What are the three meningeal layers that surround the spinal cord?
Definition
Pia mater, arachnoid, and the dura mater.
Term
What does pia mater mean?
Definition
Gentle mother.
Term
What does dura mater mean?
Definition
Hard mother.
Term
What meningeal layer lies directly on the spinal cord?
Definition
The pia mater.
Term
What is a separate meningeal layer that is connected to the pia by spider-like processes?
Definition
Arachnoid layer.
Term
What meningeal layer lies above the arachnoid and is a tough layer surrounding the spinal cord?
Definition
Dura mater.
Term
What is at the center of the spinal cord?
Definition
Central canal.
Term
What is the central canal?
Definition
The center of the spinal cord which is a continuation of the ventricular system in the brain.
Term
What are the two most easily distinguished regions in the spinal cord?
Definition
Gray matter and white matter.
Term
What is grey matter?
Definition
A collection of cell bodies and unmyelinated processes.
Term
What comprises white matter?
Definition
Myelinated axons.
Term
Why is white matter white?
Definition
Because it is composed of myelinated axons. Myelin contains large amounts of lipid that acts as an electrical insulating layer for the axon.
Term
What does the dorsal horn contain?
Definition
the cell bodies and dendrites of interneurons that are important for processing sensory (afferent) information coming from the periphery and going into the CNS.
Term
What does the ventral horn contain?
Definition
The cell bodies and dendrites of lower motor neurons.
Term
What are lower motor neurons?
Definition
Neurons that synapse on muscle fibers and cause them to contract. Some of these neurons innervate somatic muscles and some innervate visceral muscles.
Term
Where do lower motor neurons exit the CNS?
Definition
Through the ventral roots.
Term
What do ventral roots contain?
Definition
Myelinated axons of motor neurons that innervate both somatic and visceral muscles.
Term
Which direction does information flow in the ventral roots?
Definition
Away from the CNS (efferent).
Term
What direction does information flow in the dorsal roots?
Definition
Toward the CNS (afferent).
Term
What do dorsal roots contain?
Definition
Sensory neurons carrying information toward the CNS.
Term
Where are cell bodies of neurons with processes entering the CNS through the dorsal horn located?
Definition
Dorsal root ganglion.
Term
Where is the dorsal root ganglion located?
Definition
Periphery.
Term
Where does afferent information entering the right hand side of the cord make its way to?
Definition
The left cerebral hemisphere.
Term
Where does afferent information entering the left hand side of the cord make its way to?
Definition
The right cerebral hemisphere.
Term
What is the pathway from sensory input to motor output from the periphery to the brain and back to the muscles? (6 steps)
Definition
1. Sensory receptors initiate a response in the sensory neuron that conducts toward the central nervous system in a spinal nerve.

2. The sensory information enters the central nervous system through the dorsal root and the central process of the dorsal root ganglion neuron extends into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

3. For one form of sensory information (light touch or joint position) the sensory neuron travels rostrally in the spinal cord and forms a synapse in the brain stem where it communicates with an interneuron that sends a process to the thalamus. In the thalamus, this neuron synapses onto nerve cells that extend process to the cerebral cortex. Specifically, these thalamic neurons send processes to the primary somatosensory cortex, which is located in the rostral portion of the parietal lobe, just caudal to the central sulcus.

4. Association neurons (also known as interneurons) send processes from the sensory cortex to association areas in the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe. The association areas interpret the sensory information and send information to the motor and premotor areas.

5. Upper motor neurons are located in the primary motor cortex and receive information from the association regions. Upper motor neurons extend descending processes carrying efferent information down the corticospinal tracts to synapse on the lower motor neurons.

6. Activation of the lower motor neurons leads to the contraction of muscles and the initiation of movement.
Term
What are the three major regions of neurons?
Definition
Input, conductile, and output.
Term
What occurs in the input region of a neuron?
Definition
Sensory signals are transduced or synaptic signals are generated.
Term
What occurs in the conductile region of a neuron?
Definition
All or nothing action potentials propagate without decrement.
Term
What occurs in the output region of a neuron?
Definition
It is the region where a neuron releases neurotransmitter and communicates with nearby targets (neurons, muscle, or glands) at sites called synapses.
Term
What is the Bodian classification of neurons?
Definition
The functional categorization of neurons. (Input, conductile, output)
Term
What initiates synaptic potentials in the postsynaptic cell?
Definition
The binding of neurotransmitter to ligand-gated channels.
Term
What occurs when an action potential reaches the output region of a neuron? Why does this occur
Definition
An increase in intracellular positive charge resulting from the arrival of the action potential. Because the arrival of the actino potential opens voltage-gated CA2+ channels to admin CA2+ from the extracellular space.
Term
What does the CA2+ influx http://www.flashcardmachine.com/my-flashcards/quick-editor.cgi?topic_id=2455405&row_offset=50caused by an action potential cause?
Definition
The exocytosis of synaptic vesicles and the release of neurotransmitter.
Term
In the sensory neuron, where is the cell body? Why is this important?
Definition
It is part of the conductile region of the neuron. Action potentials propagate across its plasma membrane before reaching the CNS.
Term
For the sensory neuron, where is the nuronal cell body located?
Definition
In the dorsal root ganglion near the spinal cord.
Term
For the motor neuron, the input region, conductile region, and output region correspond to what?
Definition
The anatomical terms of dendrite/cell body, axon, and axon terminal.
Term
What are the input/integrative regions of neurons nearly devoid of?
Definition
Voltage-gated NA+ and K+ channels that are responsible for action potential initiation and conduction.
Term
Where are voltage-gated NA+ and K+ channels that are responsible for action potential initiation and conduction mostly found?
Definition
The conductile region and to a lesser extent in the output region.
Term
What does it mean that neurons are amitotic?
Definition
Once neurons mature, they never divide.
Term
What are two other terms for the input region of a neuron?
Definition
Receptive or dendritic region.
Term
What are the three main regions of the neuron?
Definition
Dendrite, cell body, and axon.
Term
When are dendrites myelinated?
Definition
Never
Term
What do dendrites conduct?
Definition
Graded potenials. Never action potentials.
Term
Where is the neuron nucleus located and where does most of the protein synthesis occur in a neuron?
Definition
Cell body.
Term
What is an elaborated form of rough ER found in neuron cell bodies?
Definition
Nissi substance.
Term
What is the site of action potential initiation in neurons?
Definition
Trigger zone.
Term
What are all or none electrical signals that provide rapid communication in neurons over long distances?
Definition
Action potentials.
Term
What are the end branches of axons that form axon terminals called?
Definition
Telodendria.
Term
What are the secretory regions of the neuron?
Definition
Axon terminals.
Term
What are the three types of neurons?
Definition
Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), and associative (interneurons).
Term
Where are interneurons confined?
Definition
CNS.
Term
Where are sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons found?
Definition
CNS or PNS.
Term
How many times more glial cells than neurons are there in the CNS?
Definition
9x.
Term
Where did all neuronal and glial cells (except for microglial cells) originate?
Definition
Embryologically as neuroectodermal cells.
Term
What are the three types of glial cells in the CNS?
Definition
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells.
Term
What are cells with many processes giving them a star-like appearance?
Definition
Astrocytes.
Term
What are cells with few branches?
Definition
Oligodendrocytes.
Term
What are cells that are through to be modified macrophages that are derived from a white blood cell called a monocyte?
Definition
Microglial cells.
Term
What does oligo- -dendro mean?
Definition
Few-branches.
Term
What are supporting cells in the CNS that are not usually categorized as glial cells?
Definition
Ependymal cells.
Term
What form an epithelium that lines the ventricles of the brain and are responsible for moving the cerebrospinal fluid with beating cilia?
Definition
Ependymal cells.
Term
What glial cell is important in regulating the concentration of ions in the central nervous system?
Definition
Astrocytes.
Term
What ion concentration are astrocytes particularly important in regulating?
Definition
Potassium (K).
Term
Why is the electrical activity in cells of the CNS able to change the local concentration of extracellular ion?
Definition
Because the volume of extracellular space is small.
Term
What glial cells are important in regulating the concentration of neurotransmitters in the extracellular space?
Definition
Astrocytes.
Term
What glial cells are important in regulating the movement of substances between the CNS and blood?
Definition
Astrocytes.
Term
What are oligodendrocytes responsible for?
Definition
Forming myelin sheaths around axons.
Term
What is myelin used for?
Definition
Insulating layes around neurons so that the action potentials can conduct more rapidly.
Term
Why is white matter white?
Definition
It has been myelinated.
Term
What two types of supporting cells does the PNS contain?
Definition
Schwann cells and satellite cells.
Term
What are non-myelinating Schwann cells?
Definition
Satellite cells.
Term
Where are satellite cells found?
Definition
Surrounding the cell bodies of neurons in Ganglia.
Term
what are the myelin producing cells in the PNS?
Definition
Schwann cells.
Term
What is different about he way Schwann cells myelinate and the way oligodendrocytes myelinate?
Definition
Schwann cells wrap single axons whereas oligodendrocytes can wrap several.
Term
What cell type cleans up debris after peripheral nerve damage and supports regeneration of peripheral nerves?
Definition
Schwann cells.
Term
What cell type inhibits regeneration in the CNS?
Definition
Oligodendrocytes.
Term
What two places are ribosomes located in neurons?
Definition
Cell body and dendrites.
Term
Where does protein synthesis occur in neurons?
Definition
On ribosomes in the cell body.
Term
How fast is fast transport?
Definition
200-400 mm/day.
Term
How fast is slow transport?
Definition
0.2-5.0 mm/day
Term
What moves vesicles from the cell body toward the axon terminal?
Definition
Fast anterograde.
Term
What moves cytoskeletal components actin, tublin, and neurofilaments in neurons?
Definition
Slow transport.
Term
What three component types does slow transport move?
Definition
Cytoskeletal components, cytoplasmic enzymes, and cytoplasmic proteins.
Term
How are membrane bound proteins transported in neurons?
Definition
Fast anterograde transport.
Term
What moves vesicles toward the cell body?
Definition
Retrograde transport.
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