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Crusades Unit Test
N/A
75
History
8th Grade
11/15/2010

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Term
Childrens Crusade
Definition
A Crusade where children marched to the Holy Land. Not many arrived and some were sold into slavery.
Term
Reconquista
Definition
Means reconquering. Christians, Jews and Muslims lived in the Iberian peninsula but non muslims payed a special tax. Grenada was the last Muslim city left on the Iberian peninsula
Term
Iberian Peninsula
Definition
Modern Spain and Portuagal Christians launched wars to retake the Iberian Peninsula from Muslims. A peninsula in southwestern Europe
Term
The Umayyads
Definition
Established a Muslim dynasty in Spain in the 8th Century. A unique culture flouished in cities like Cordoba and Toledo. The pace of reconquest quickened after the Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba broke up into rival kingdoms.
Term
Kingdom of Granada
Definition
The last city standing in Muslim hands. Isabella and Ferdinand sent armies against Granada.
Term
King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella
Definition
Isabella and Ferdinand wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country They used the Inquisition - a church court against Muslims and Jews forcing them to convert  to Christianity. Many were forced to accept baptism as Catholics.
Term
The Spanish Inquisition
Definition
The Spanish Inquisition was extremely harsh. Judges, called inquisitors sometimes used torture to find out whether supposed converts were practicing their religions. Thousands of people were burned at the stake.
Term
What was the course of the Children’s Crusade?
Definition
Thousands for French and German peasant children marched toward the Holy Lands. Few made it, many were sold into slavery.
Term
What were the results of the Children’s Crusade?
Definition
Some of the children were sold into slavery at Mediteranean seaports
Term
What was the Reconquista?
Definition
Christians started wars to retake the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims.
Term
What were the results of the Reconquista?
Definition
Muslims gradually gave up more and more territory. Portugal became an indepenent Christian kingdom. By 1248 only the small kingdom of Granada remained in Muslim hands.
Term
What were the consequences of the crusades on the Jews?
Definition
  • Crusaders slaughtered Jews in the Holy Land
  • Other Jews became slaves
  • In Europe they destroyed synagogues and holy books
  • Looted homes & businesses
  • tortured to convert to Christianity
  • Antisemitism spread
  • Jews were segregated in ghettos
  • Jews could not hold public office 
Term
Synagogue
Definition
A Jewish house of worship
Term
anti-Semitism
Definition
Prejudice towards Jews
Term
Segregation
Definition

The forced separation of one group from the rest of the community

Jews were separated from Christians and forced to live in ghettos

Walls and gates separated them from the rest of the community

Term
Ghetto
Definition

A poor crowded neighborhood

Walls and gates separated ghettos from the rest of the community

Term
Conversion
Definition

a person adopting new beliefs

especially those of a religious faith

 

Term
Expulsion
Definition
Removal by force
Term
Why is Jerusalem a sacred place for Jews?
Definition
  • Jerusalem is a sacred place for Jews because it is where the ancient Jewish temples of Solomon & Herod were built.
  • Jews make pilgrimages to the remaining Western Wall.

 

Term
Why is Jerusalem a sacred place for Muslims?
Definition
  • Jerusalem is a sacred place for Muslims because they believe it is where Mohammed ascended to Heaven during his night journey.
Term
Why is Jerusalem a sacred place for Christians?
Definition
  • Jerusalem is a sacred place for Christians because it is where Jesus Christ was crucified.
  • Christians believe Jesus rose from the dead in Jerusalem
Term
What factors motivated European Christians to go on Crusade?
Definition
  • Control - Christians wanted to gain control of Jerusalem from Muslims
  • Fear - Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Comnenus I feared his empire was in danger
  • Pope Urban II offered wiping away sins & entry into heaven
  • It was the will of God
  • Many feared they would not be able to make pilgrimage to Holy Land
  • Christians were being attacked

ristian) Byzantine empire is in danger

  • Faith
  • Defense
Term
What were the major causes of the first crusade?
Definition
  • Seljuk Turks were expanding there empire
  • Emperor Alexius Comnenus I feared his empire was in danger
  • Pope Urban II feared loss of power and control
Term
What was the course of the first crusade?
Definition
  • Traveled from France through Italy
  • then Eastern Europe and through what is now Turkey
  • Traveled hundreds of miles through scorching heat and deep snow
  • Could not use Mediterranean Sea as they did not control the ports
Term
What were the results of the first crusade?
Definition
  • 4 Crusader kingdoms were established in Palestine, Syria, and modern day Lebanon & Turkey
  • Lessened the Muslim threat in the Holy Lands
  • Kingdoms were Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem & Tripoli
  • Crusade survivors were heroes
  • Success inspired writers and musicians to create poems and songs describing legendary battles
  • Most crusaders returned to Europe -Muslims reorganized
Term
Holy Land/Palestine
Definition
  • the area between Egypt and Syria that was the ancient homeland of Jews
  • the place where Jesus Christ had lived
  • also called Palestine
Term
Jerusalem
Definition
  • The spiritual heart of Palestine
  • Important to Christians, Muslims and Jews
Term
Pope Urban II
Definition
  • Pope of the Roman Catholic church
  • called nobles and church leaders to council at Clermont, France
  • asked everyone to fight and push Muslims back from Jerusalem
  • promised entry into heaven
  • Credited with starting first Crusade
Term
Clermont, France/Council of Clermont
Definition
  • Site of the meeting of the Council of Clermont
  • Meeting called by Pope Urban II
  • Asked for army to fight Muslims moving into Holy Land
  • Starting point of first Crusade
Term
"Dieu le Volt!"
Definition
  • translates into "It is the will of God" in French
  • became a slogan of the First Crusaders & future crusades
  • First cheered after the crowd began yelling it following Pope Urban II's speech at the Council of Clermont, France
Term
Emperor Alexius Comnenus I
Definition
  • Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
  • Feared his empire was in danger from the Muslims
  • asked Pope Urban II for military help
Term
Byzantine Empire
Definition
  • Eastern part of the Roman Empire
  • Constantinople is the capitol
  • Urban II is emperor
  • Christian empire
Term
Constantinople
Definition
  • Capitol city of the Byzantine empire
  • it is modern day Turkey
Term
Seljuk Turks
Definition
  • people named for a Turkish chieftain who converted to Muslim
  • Controlled Bagdad and moved west into Anatolia
  • Wanted to move into Holy Land and take Jerusalem
Term
Battle of Manzikert (1071)
Definition
  • Byzantine army was defeated by the Seljuk army
Term
heretic
Definition
  • a person who holds beliefs that are contrary to the teachings of a church or other group
Term
infidel
Definition
  • a person who does not accept a particular faith
  • Christians considered Muslims infidels
  • Muslims considered Christians infidels
Term
Saracens
Definition
  • term that describes Arabs and Muslims
  • Seljuks are a group of Saracens
Term
Muslims
Definition
  • Followers of the Islamic faith
Term
Jews
Definition
  • Descendants of the ancient Hebrews
  • the founders of the religion of Judaism
  • any person whose religion is Judaism
Term
Christians
Definition
    Followers of the Christian Faith
Term
Franks
Definition
  • term the Muslims called the crusaders who came from France
Term
Sultan
Definition
  • the sovereign ruler of a Muslim state
Term
Anatolia
Definition
  • a large peninsula at the western edge of Asia
  • also called Asia Minor
Term
Dome of the Rock
Definition
  • Shrine built by Muslims to mark the spot where they believe Mohammed ascended into heaven
Term
Western Wall
Definition
  • what remains of the ancient Jewish temple
  • It is where Jews have gathered to pray throughout history
  • Holiest place in the world for Jews
Term
Holy Sepulcher
Definition
  • Shrine built by Christians in Jerusalem to mark the spot where Christ is believed to be buried
  • Also known as Golgotha
Term
shrine
Definition
    a holy or sacred place dedicated to a specific figure
    Dome of the Rock is a shrine dedicated to Mohammed
     
Term
pilgrim
Definition
  • a person who makes a journey to a holy site
Term
First Crusade (1096-1099)
Definition
  • about 30,000 Crusaders fought their way through Anatolia
  • headed south toward Palestine
  • established 4 Crusader kingdoms in Palestine, Syria, modern day Lebanon and Turkey
Term
Antioch
Definition
  • fell to the Christians during the first crusade
Term
massacre
Definition
  • the killing of many helpless or unresisting people
  • victorious crusaders massacred Muslims and Jews throughout Jerusalem
Term
atrocity
Definition
  • an extremely wicked, brutal or cruel, horrifying act
  • the crusaders were brutal when killing Muslims and Jews
Term
Ma'arrat al-Numan
Definition
  • after taking Antioch, crusaders had little food
  • climbed the walls of Ma'arrat al-Numan
  • massacred and slaughtered 20,000 Saracens
  • still no food
  • resorted to cannibalism
  • ate the bodies of pagans and children
Term
"divine intervention"
Definition
  • God intervenes
Term
relic
Definition
  • an object considered holy because it belonged to or was touched by a saint or other holy person
Term
Holy Lance
Definition
  • the name given to the spear that pierced Jesus' side when he was crucified
  • a relic
Term
Crusader Kingdom
Definition
  • 4 Crusader Kingdoms were established after the First Crusade
  • they were in Palestine, Syria, modern day Lebanon and Turkey
  • the kingdoms were Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem and Tripoli
Term
Second Crusade
Definition
  • 1146-1148
  • began with enthusiasm
  • Crusaders were unsuccessful
  • most died
  • Conrad III's army beaten in Anatolia
  • Louis VII & Conrad III joined fight
  • armies badly beaten in Damascus
Term
Edessa
Definition
  • Capitol of Northernmost Crusader Kingdom
  • captured by Muslims in 1144
  • cause of the Second Crusade
Term
Damascus
Definition
  • the end of the second crusade
  • Conrad III and Louis VII armies badly beaten by Muslims
  • Many died
  • Rest returned home
Term
What was the major cause of the Second Crusade?
Definition
  • Crusade called by Pope Eugene III
  • Response to the fall of the Crusader Kingdom Edessa to the Muslims
Term
What was the course of the Second Crusade?
Definition
  • St. Bernard traveled around western Europe
  • gathered enthusiasm for the crusade
  • gathered "warriors for the Cross"
  • Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany joined the fight
Term
What were the results of the Second Crusade?
Definition
  • Second Crusade unsuccessful
  • Conrad III & Louis VII armies badly beaten in Damascus
  • most crusaders died
  • European Christians no longer seen as same threat
  • Middle Easter Muslims gained strength  and unified under one leadership
Term
What was the major cause of the Third Crusade?
Definition
  • The threat and success of Muslims common leadership lead to the Third Crusade
  • By 1180's the great sultan Salah al-Din (Saladin) had formed the largest Muslim empire since the Seljuks
  • Saladin recaptured Jerusalem in 1187
  • Crusaders mobilized to take back the Holy Lands
Term
Why was Jerusalem a sacred place for Jews?
Definition
  • Ancient Jewish temples of Solomon & Herod were built.
  • Jews make pilgrimages to the remaining Western Wall.
Term
What was the course of the Third Crusade?
Definition
  • Frederick Barbarossa set out for the Holy Lands in May 1189 with 100,000 men, including 20,000 knights.
  • Barbarossa horse slipped while crossing the river in Anatolia (Turkey) and he drowned.
  • Barbarossa's bones were buried in Acre
  • Many German crusaders died from fever along the journey.
Term
What were the results of the Third Crusade?
Definition
  • September 1192 Richard and Salah al'Din signed a peace treaty
  • The failure of this Crusade led to a fourth crusade 6 years later

 

Term
What were the consequences of the crusades on the European Christains?
Definition
  • They learned about new foods and goods
  • They dressed in clothing made of muslin a cotton fabric from Persia
  • Mercants earned enormous profits by trading for goods
Term
What were the consequences of the crusades on the Muslims?
Definition
  • Lost their lives in battles and massacres
  • Crusaders destroyed Muslim property
  • Muslims did gain exposure to some new weapons and military ideas during the Crusades

 

Term
Third Crusade
Definition
  • Salah al-Din formed the largest Muslim empire since the Seljuks
  • Saldin, the sultan of Eygyt, united Muslims in Syria and most of Palastine under his rule and captured Jerusalem in 1187
  • After his victory, Saladin freed many of his prisoners or sold them for ransom.
Term
Salah al'Din
Definition
  • United Egypt, Syria, and lands to the East
  • Led a renewed fight against the Crusaders in the Holy Land
  •  He quickly took back most of Palastine
  • In 1187 his armies captured Jerusalem
Term
Richard the Lionheart
Definition
  • Led the Third Crusade to trey to regain Christain control of Jerusalem from the Muslims
  • Led the fight against Salah al-Din
  • Also known as King Richard I of England
  • 1191 Richards army forced the surrender of the Palestinian town of Acre

 

Term
Acre
Definition
  • Biggest battle happened during the Second Crusade what Richard and Philip beseiged the city
  • Saladin tried to relieve the city but was unable and it eventually fell during the 3rd Crusade
Term
Treaty
Definition
  • a written agreement between two states or soverigns
  • Outlines the guidlines or responsibilites of the parties as they agreed on.
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