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Critical Thinking chapter 6
NWO will faiiiilllll
18
Business
Undergraduate 1
05/15/2014

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Term
Fallacies
Definition
Errors in reasoning. Fallacies can be seen as (1) reasons that seem logical but don’t necessarily support the conclusion or (2) statements that distract listeners from the real issue.
Term
Faulty Analogy
Definition
Comparison of one situation or idea to another that disregards significant differences that make the comparison invalid.
Term
False cause (post hoc ergo propter hoc)
Definition
A fallacy that occurs when there is no real proof that one event is caused another event; there is only evidence that one event came after another event.
Term
Correlation
Definition
A relationship or connection between two objects or events. Noting a correlation is sometimes the first step in exploring causation, but it does not equal causation.
Term
Ad hominem (attacking the person)
Definition
A Latin term meaning “to the man” or attacking the person, Ad hominem occurs when a person is attacked on a personal quality that is irrelevant to the issue under discussion.
Term
Appeal to pity
Definition
A logical fallacy that occurs when someone argues that others should follow a course of action or hold a certain belief for no other reason than that they should feel compassion for the irrelevant claims or irresponsibility of the speaker.
Term
Appeal to tradition
Definition
A fallacy that occurs when a belief or action is supported on the ground that it conforms to traditional ideas or practices.
Term
Causation
Definition
A connection between two events in which it is established that one event caused the other.
Term
Slippery slope
Definition
A fallacy that occurs when serious consequences of a potential action or policy are predicted and not substantiated by evidence.
Term
Straw man
Definition
A fallacy in which an opponent’s argument is distorted or exaggerated and then more easily attacked.
Term
Hasty conclusion
Definition
A fallacy in which a generalization is drawn from a small and thus inadequate sample of information.
Term
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Definition
A process whereby an expectation becomes a reality.
Term
False dilemma (either-or-fallacy)
Definition
An error in reasoning that occurs when one polarizes a situation by presenting only two alternatives, at two extremes of the spectrum of possibilities.
Term
Begging the question
Definition
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes what needs to be proven.
Term
Red herring
Definition
A fallacy in which reasons offered to support conclusions lead the listener away from the issue under consideration.
Term
Two wrongs make a right
Definition
A fallacy that is used to excuse bad behavior on the grounds of other bad behavior; the fallacy occurs when someone rationalizes that one person’s or one group’s action is justified because some other person’s or group’s action is just as bad or worse.
Term
Look who’s talking
Definition
A fallacy that is committed when someone denies a claim because they believe the speaker who is making the claim is hypocritical.
Term
Ad populum
Definition
A fallacy that consists of a false appeal to the authority of “everyone.” This fallacy is based on the assumption that a course of action should be taken or an idea should be supported because “everyone” is doing it or believe it.
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