Term
| What are the 2 types of economic loss? |
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Definition
1. system costs: cost citizens pay in order to maintain the system 2. individual costs: long-term losses in earnings; persisting physical and psychological |
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Term
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Definition
callous interrogations, indifferent treatment of crime, loss of wages for appearing in court, etc. |
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Term
| Where are violent crimes more likely to occur? |
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Definition
| in an open, public area(street, park, school); the more serious the violent crime(rape, aggravated assault) the more likely it is to take place after 6pm |
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Term
| Which households are more vulnerable to crime? |
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Definition
| larger, black, western, and urban homes |
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Term
| What is the association between marital status and victimization influenced by? |
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Definition
| age, gender, and lifestyle |
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Term
| What 3 specific types of characteristics increase the potential for victimization? |
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Definition
1. target vulnerability: physical weakness or psychological distress 2. target gratifiability: attractive possesions, skills, or attributes 3. target antagonism: people who arouse anger, jealousy or destructive impulses(being gay or argumentative) |
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Term
| What is active precipitation? |
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Definition
| occurs when victims act provocatively, use threats, or even attack first |
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Term
| What is passive precipitation? |
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Definition
| occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly threatens or encourages the attacker(personal conflict, love interest) |
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Term
What are victim compensation programs?
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Definition
| a program that gives the victim state compensation to pay for damages associated with the crime(medical bills, counseling, burial) |
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Term
| What is Gramsci’s unique contribution to Marxian thought? |
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Definition
underscored the different ways capitalist ruling classes secure their social positions
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Term
| According to Gramsci, how did eastern states secure their power? |
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Definition
| the relied on force and coercion to ensure cooperation |
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Term
According to Gramsci, how did western states secure their power? |
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Definition
through cultural mechanisms, leading in the political and cultural spheres
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Term
| What was the hegemonic strategy used in the U.S. until the late 1960s and early 1970s? |
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Definition
| the welfare state secured the consent of the governed through its emphasis on inclusion and mutual social responsibility; risk management and scientific planning was also used |
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Term
| Why was the United States original hegemonic strategy changed? |
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Definition
| social upheaval( feminist, civil rights) constituted a serious counter-hegemonic to reigning social and economic arrangements |
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Term
What is the basic arguement of neoliberal and neoconservative thought?
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Definition
Liberals: more accepting of social changes(alternative lifestyles), but staunchly opposed to economic reforms sought by the welfare and civil rights movement Conservatives: focused more on social issues and sought to reinstate traditional authority, such as the patriarchal family |
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Term
| How did neoliberal and neoconservative ideas come together to form a new hegemonic strategy? |
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Definition
| they united in their opposition to the expansion of Keynesian economics and the welfare states, especially those seeking to improve poverty |
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Term
| What were the policy implications of the "tough on crime" hegemonic strategy? |
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Definition
1. an unprecedented crackdown on drug users/dealers 2. new mandatory sentencing schemes 3. the scaling back of parole eligibility 4. the revival of the death penalty |
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Term
| What is evidence that the "security state" has been institutionalized? |
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Definition
| the nations rapidly expanding penal apparatus |
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Term
| Does prison work in reducing crime rates? |
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Definition
| no, there is no correlation between prison population and crime rates? |
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Term
| What contextual factors do the authors analyze (6) ? |
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Definition
1. whether a jurisdiction operates under sentencing guidelines 2. availability of alternative/immediate sanctions 3. level of crime 4. political conservatism 5. racial compostion 6. prevalence of the economically disadvantaged |
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Term
| What contextual factors increase the likelihood of imprisonment? |
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Definition
| level of crime(mixed results), political conservatism, racial compostion, economically disadvantaged |
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Term
| What contextual factors decrease the likelihood of imprisonment? |
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Definition
| sentencing guidelines and the availability of alternative sanctions |
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Term
| What is choice theory and what concepts does it include (3) ? |
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Definition
| choice theories assume that criminals carefully choose whether to commit criminal acts; includes general deterence, specific deterence, and rational choice |
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Term
| What is rational choice theory? |
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Definition
| the premise that law-violating behavior occurs after offenders weigh personal needs and situational factors involved in the risk of committing a crime |
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Term
| What is general deterence theory? |
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Definition
| that people will commit crime if the percieve the benefits to outweigh the risks |
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Term
| What is specific deterence theory? |
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Definition
| that if the punishment is severe enough, people will not repeat their illegal acts |
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Term
| What are social structure theories and what concepts does it include (3) ? |
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Definition
theories that suggest people's places in the socioeconomic structure will influence their chances of being a criminal 1. social disorganization theories 2. strain theories 3. cultural deviance theories |
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Term
| What are strain theories? |
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Definition
| they view crime as resulting from anger people experience over their inability ot achieve legitimate social and economic success |
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Term
| What is social disorganization theory? |
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Definition
| suggests that the urban poor violate the law because they live in areas where social control has broken down (neighborhoods with divergent values and transitional populations) |
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Term
| What is Merton's theory on Anomie? |
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Definition
| describes what happens when people have inadequate means to satisfy their goals; conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion |
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Term
| What is social learning theory? |
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Definition
| people learn criminal behavior in the same way the learn conventional behavior |
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Term
| What is general strain theory? |
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Definition
| the perspective that criminality is the direct result of negative affective states (failure to achieve goals, disjunction of expectations/achievements, removal of positive stimuli) |
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Term
| What are cultural deviance theories? |
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Definition
| the idea that a unique value system develops in lower-class areas; people percieveing strain will bond together in their own subcultures for support and recognition |
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Term
| What is the theory of differential opportunity? |
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Definition
| states that people in all strata of society share the same success goals but that those in the lower class have limited means of achieving |
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Term
| What is Sutherland's theory of differential association? |
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Definition
| that people learn to commit crime from exposure tp antisocial attitudes |
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Term
| What is differential reinforcement theory? |
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Definition
| holds that criminal behavior depends on the person's experiences with rewards and punishment; being rewarded for deviance leads to crime |
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Term
| What is neutralization theory? |
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Definition
| when youths learn ways of neutralizing moral restraints and periodically drift in and out of criminal behavior; denying the victim, responsibility and injury; condemning condemners and appealing to higher loyalties |
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Term
| What are social control theories? |
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Definition
| they maintain that all people have the potential to violate the law and that modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activity |
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Term
| What is hirschi's control theory? |
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Definition
| states that a person's bond to society prevents him from violating social rules; if the bond weakens, then the person is free to commit crime (commitment, attachment, involvement, belief) |
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Term
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Definition
| people engage in a self-fulfiling prophecy after they are labeled criminals |
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Term
| What is the social conflict perspective? |
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Definition
| that crime is a function; crime is caused by class conflict and laws are created by those in power to protect their own interests |
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Term
| What is power-control theory? |
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Definition
| considers that the gender differences in crime are a function of economic power and parental control |
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Term
| What is the General Theory of Crime? |
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Definition
| crime and criminality are seperate concepts; people choose to commit crime when they lack self-control |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's control ratio influences his behavior |
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