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crim del. final
.
66
Biology
Undergraduate 3
04/23/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
conceptual issues, how do we define serial murder?
Definition

-person who kills deliberately and with malice of at least 2 people with a 'cooling off' period in between

-seperate instances needed

-the requirement of 'overtime,' allows for a lot of variability

Term
six factors of serial killers
Definition

-367 known cases

-increase in serial killings in recent decades, but could be explained by our data collections now

-8-12 average people per case

-mobility, most common is staying in one local area

-most are white and males

-men are more likely to target strangers

-women more likely to kill for money

-torture rare with females

-the killing effect

Term
the killing effect
Definition

-female SMs kill their victim instantly (act-focused)

-male SMs usually take hours or days to kill their victim (process-focused)

Term
explanations why people become murderers
Definition

-childhood abuse

-close family member dies

-extreme rejection

 

believed that.. (even though most serial killers dont have these)

-head trauma/injury

-reduced serotonin

-extra y chromosome

-psychopathy

 

Term
act-focused vs. process focused
Definition

-males are process-focused

-females are act-focused

Term
labeling
Definition

-being labeled as a deviant

-sociological abnormality 

Term
reduced social bonding
Definition

-attachment to others or conventional goals

-sociological abnormality 

Term
deviant social learning
Definition

-violent porn

-sociological abnormality 

Term
-whats the problem with sociological explanations?
Definition

-many people have them and dont become SM.

-deviant behavior without killing

Term
diagram of a SM
Definition

1. childhood trauma

2. perceived lack of control

3. violent fantasies of control

4. hedonistic homicide

5. deviant reinforcements that give a euphoria or control

6. violent predispositions

 

Term
psychopathy
Definition

-situation or status where specific set of characteristics come together in the same person

-positives: articulate, charismatic, social, center of attention

-negatives: no remorse, parasitic lifestyle

Term
who do serial killers kill?
Definition

-young women or childhood who are alone

-throwaways in society

-gay men for sexual fantasies or control

-most targeted: old women and middle aged adults


Term
types of murderers
Definition

-visionary: kills because of visions, psychosis

-missionary: no psychosis, kill to get rid of certain people (prostitutes, homosexuals)

-hedonistic: kills for the satisfaction of the killing process (lust murderers, thrill-oriented, comfort-oriented)

-power and control: gets pleasure from controlling the victim.

Term
types of female killers
Definition

-black widows: poison, very intelligent and manipulative

-angels of death: sometimes males

-sexual predator

-revenge serial killer

-profit for crime

-team killers

-question of sanity

-unexplained

-unsolved

Term
definition of mass murder
Definition

-deliberate and malicious killing of 3+ people in generally one place at one time

-no cooling off period 

Term

how many mass murders occur?

how are mass murder incidents and offenders different than those of serial murder?

Definition

-120-140 in US a year

 

-MM often die at scene of crime

-have more impact on public

-mental illness more present

-many, but not all, motivated by grievances or missions

Term
different types of mass murder
Definition

-disciple: follows orders of a leader

-family annihilator: kills entire family

-pseudocommando: fascination with weapons and welfare

-not impulsive

-most commit suicide 

-disgruntled employee: most common

-set-and-run killer: try to escape to kill again

-terrorism: premeditated, political, usually to influence an audience 

Term
school shootings since 91-92..
Definition

-30

Term
the first of the trend, the most lethal, and the youngest offender (school shootings)
Definition

-first of the trend: eric houston.. 3 students and a teacher who failed him

-most lethal: cho seung-hui.. 32 people

-youngest: andrew golden.. age 11.. killed 4 kids and a teacher

Term
the rise in school shootings was during the period..
Definition

-when school crime was going down

Term
chance of being killed in a public school?
Definition

-1 in 107,000 chance

Term
copy-cat effect
Definition

-especially during 97-98

-frequency of these events shows a copy cat effect

Term
what has been done to prevent school shootings?
Definition

-higher security

-greater attention to bullying prevention

-development of protocols for children who make threats.. 

Term
who categorized mass murders into family annihilators, pseudocommandos, and set and run killers? 
Definition

-park dietz

Term
who categorized disciples, disgruntled employees, disgruntled citizens and psychotic mass murderers?
Definition

-holmes

Term
mass murder motivations
Definition

-revenge

-power

-loyalty

-profit

-terror

Term
spree killer
Definition

-short period of time with several victims

-thrill of killing and excitement of escaping law

-often begin with a break up or angering event

-ends when arrested or kills oneself.

 

Term
difference of spree killings and mass murders and serial killings
Definition

-similar to MM and SM because at least 3-4 victims

-no cooling off period

-no typical victim, they kill whoever passes

-doesnt return to regular behavior after killings

-spree killing less common than MM

Term
trends of intimate homicide
Definition

-decreased steadily since '70s

-used to be even for male or female to be killed, but in 2005 75% are female victims. 

Term
explanation for big drop in intimate homicide
Definition

-ease of getting a divorce

-increases in gender equality

-rise in female labor force

-rise in serviced and shelters for battered women

Term
facts about nonfatal intimate violence
Definition

-poverty significantly increases intimate violence

-1/2 of households experiencing this violence have children in the household

-only 1/2 are reported to police

-40% of married women were divorced or seperated by 6 months after intimate violence

Term
mandatory arrest
Definition

-arrest decreased later violence among the employed, but increased for the unemployed

Term
restraining orders
Definition

-in majority of cases, offenders violates the order within the 1st year

-30% of the cases involve severe violence

Term
court-ordered counseling or mediation
Definition

-doesnt increase or decrease later violence

-conclusion is nothing works, but intimate violence/homicide has decreased in recent decades

-unrelated to law enforcement

Term
expressive vs instrumental killings
Definition

-expressive: spur-of-the-moment where one person strikes out. (intimate most likely)

-instrumental: offender attempting to gain something from the killing

 

-hard to determine which one a situation is, because explanations can argue both sides

Term
decline of intimate partner homicide explanations
Definition

-increased attention to domestic violence

-battered women have options of escape now

-doesnt explain why men kill their wives

-public policies have a higher success in saving the abusive man rather than the battered woman

Term
after aid to families with dependent children (AFDC) benefits declined..
Definition

-more unmarried men were killed by their girlfriends

-african american men more often killing their girlfriends, but not the white population

Term

agressive arrest policies

Definition

-lessened the chances of unmarried intimated were killed, but didnt affect homicide by spouses

-mandatory arrests caused fewer deaths of married women of all races

Term
a study found that offenders who killed their partner were..
Definition

-more likely to be convicted than offenders who killed strangers

-reasons: offenders who kill their partners are more likely to plea guilty, and are less likely to be charged with 1st degree murder

Term
battered women syndrome in court
Definition

-similar to post traumatic stress disorder

-used as defensive strategy, not a defense, for women who kill abusive partners

-are admissible in court in some way

-effective generally only as a supplement to a 'traditional self-defense case,' in which the victim is responding to an immediate threat

Term
how often do young children die of homicide (under age 5)
Definition

-200 in recent year under age 1

-320 in recent year age 1-4

-RATE GOES DOWN AFTER AGE 1

-only includes criminal homicide, not abuse or neglect.

Term
characteristics of homicides of those under 5 regarding sex
Definition

-sex equal

-after age 13, male have a higher rate of homicide

-compared to males, a higher percentage of overall female homicide deaths occur in the early years of life

Term
characteristics of homicides of those under age 5 regarding weapons
Definition

-'personal,' weapons most likely

-knives or firearms only used in 12% of cases

-reverse of adult homicide victims

-kicking, strangulation, asphyxiation account for 60% (no weapons)

Term

characteristics of homicides of those under age 5 regarding geography

Definition

-juvenile homicide is even more geographically concentrated than homicide in general

-just 5 urban areas account for 25% of all cases

-LA, chicago, detroit, NY, philly

Term

characteristics of homicides of those under age 5 in regards to timing

Definition

-during the daytime

-weekdays

-during winter

Term
how many times a year does a parent kill a child? is this number high or low?
Definition

-350 times a year

-low compared to the period prior to the industrial revolution, when infanticide and neonaticides were common

-3-4% of homicides are children

Term
how is homicide different for children of different ages?
Definition

-parents are less likely to be responsible for older children

-ages 6-11 .. 39% are parent

-ages 12-17 .. 5% are parent

Term
who kills the child more often, mother or father?
Definition

-equal

-but, because females commit fewer homicides overall, there is a greater proportion of their overall homicide offending (10%)

Term
high profile cases of parents killing their own child
Definition

-susan smith: mother who drowned her 2 sons by rolling a car into a lake

-amy grossman and brian peterson: neonaticides (killing of an infant) at a hotel

-andrea yates: drowned 5 children

Term
florida stats of children being killed by parent
Definition

-in 2005, 94 juveniles died from parental abuse or neglect

-1/3 were homicides

-51 were accidential

-26 drowning in pools/tubs

-often preventable

 

main point.. homicides represent less than half of the number of cases in which children die because of mistakes made by parents

Term
neonaticides, indanticides, prolicides, filicides
Definition

-neonaticides: killing of newborn within first 24 hours of life

-infanticides: killing of an infant less than 1. risk for homicide is greatest at this age. mothers mostly kill within the first week. 10x likely on the first day, most often in first 4 months

-prolicide: killing ones offspring. may be infanticide or fetus in utero

-fillicide: killing ones own child or others (could be step child) and could include older kids.

Term
step children are..
Definition

-overrepresented among child victims

Term
killing times and season for younger and older kids
Definition

-under 2.. winter

-5-12 during summer

Term
age, sex, and race.. what children are killed?
Definition

-age.. highest risk for older teens. 17-19

-elementary least likely

-sex.. younger, sex is about even.

-teens, boys most likely to be killed (13-19)

-race.. blacks most likely killed, followed by hispanics then whites.

-white more likely to be killed under age of 12

-blacks likely to be killed age 9-19

 

Term
2 important things to consider in evaluating crime reduction policies
Definition

-can it actually reduce crime?

-is it cost-efficient? good use of tax payers money?

Term
3 types of reducing crime
Definition

-get tough

-prevention and rehabilitation

-target hardening

Term
get tough punishments
Definition

-type of crime reduction

-most used

-yes, it has reduced crime but not as much as expected

-it hasnt produced a bigger drop in crime because..

-increased penalties have the biggest effect on less serious offenders. locking them up has less of an impact on index crime rates.

-offenders stop committing crimes as they age (mainly in southern states)

-expensive

-only effects those caught (10%)

Term
prevention and rehabilitation 
Definition

-type of crime reduction

-based on 2 ideas

-get-tough approach is too reactive, waits until the person is involved in crime to do anything

-any attempt to reduce crime that doesnt address its roots often fails

-does reduce crime, but must identify fun and effective programs

-ineffective rehabilitation is what started get-tough punishments

-is cost-efficient, 1/5 the cost of incarceration

Term
target hardening
Definition

-type of crime reduction

-increased security

Term

effective prevention program / ineffective prevention program

for children

Definition

-effective: visitation by a nurse (50% fewer arrests, 60% fewer convictions)

-ineffective: D.A.R.E.

Term
effective rehabilitation program / ineffective rehabilitation program
Definition

-effective: multisystemic therapy (MST) .. home based family counseling for serious juvenile deliquents. (40% fewer arrests, 65% fewer self-report offenses)

-ineffective: boot camps

Term
criminal system 'funnel,'
Definition

-top of the funnel (large): crimes committed

-bottom of funnel (small): offenders in prison

-reasons.. crime unreported, plea bargaining, lack of evidence

 

-suggests we must focus more on crime control to reduce the funnel

Term
primary prevention
Definition

-social, cultural, community

-prevents disease or injury entirely by focusing on aspects of the environment 

-prevention strategies

-create jobs

-government economical aid

-end racial segregation

-restore social integration

-reduce housing/population density

-reduce urban neighborhood dilapidation

-reduce inequality between M&F

Term
secondary prevention
Definition

-developmental social processes

-tries to find places and situations that put certain people at risk for illness or injury

-addresses the developmental process that makes crime more likely for people in certain neighborhoods

-prevention strategies

-early childhood intervention programs

-child care

-improves schools

-prenatal and postnatal nutrition services

-expand network of battered womens shelters

Term
tertiary prevention
Definition

-criminal justice

-occurs after an injury or illness has begin and seeks to minimize consequences

-focuses on preventing recidivism

-prevention strategies

-reduce reliance on prisons and put more emphasis on corrections

-make prisons and jails smaller

-eliminates 3 strikes you're out

-repeals some drug laws

-eliminates death penalty

-expand community policing

-increase minority and female officers

-zero tolerance policy

-reduce police brutality

-increase gun-control laws

-increase tolerance for white collar crime and corruption

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