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Covenant Bio 112 Exam 1
Dr. Nelson
100
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/17/2012

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Term
biological evolution
Definition
a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations
Term
microevolution
Definition
viewed on a smaller scale, relating to genetic or phenotypic changes within a population over time
Term
macroevolution
Definition
viewed on a larger scale relating to formation of a new species or groups of species (new species are established)
Term
species
Definition
group of related organisms that share a distinctive form, function
Term
Charles Darwin
Definition
British naturalist that developed a theory of evolution, presented it at a meeting of the Linnaean society and published ideas in 1859 (called Origin of Species)
Term
Linnaeus, Cuvier, James Hutton, Charles Lyell, and Lamarck
Definition
the 5 people that influence Darwin's thinking
Term
Thomas Malthus
Definition
person that suggested that unchecked population growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and struggle for existence
Term
S. America, Australia, Africa
Definition
3 continents visited on Darwin's voyage on the Beagle to assess resources
Term
simple, complex
Definition
lower strata in the earth have more _____ forms and upper strata have more _____ forms.
Term
genetics
Definition
the study that has allowed us to understand the relationship between traits and heritability.
Term
fishapod (Tiktaalik roseae)
Definition
suggested to be a transitional form between fish and tetrapods, provides link between earlier and late forms
Term
biogeography
Definition
study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
2 different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar characteristics, occupy similar environments
Term
the concept of homology
Definition
the similarity of structure in 2 species attributed to a common ancestor with that structure
Term
anatomical, developmental, molecular, genetic
Definition
4 different types of homology
Term
prezygotic
Definition
type of barrier that prevents the formation of a zygote; includes habitat isolation, temporal isolation, behavioral isolation, mechanical isolation, and gametic isolation
Term
postzygotic
Definition
type of barrier that blocks development of viable, fertile individuals; includes hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, and hybrid breakdown
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
occurs when some members of a species became geographically separated and then diverge
Term
adaptive radiation
Definition
single species evolves into array of descendents that differ greatly in habitat, former behavior
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into 2 or more different species.
Term
alteration of generations
Definition
sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid, gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid, spore-producing phase; the spores of the latter reinitiate the haploid phase
Term
biennials
Definition
plants that do not reproduce the first year but may the following year
Term
cell division, growth, cell specialization, and apoptosis
Definition
4 essential processes of growth and development
Term
apical, primary, secondary
Definition
3 generalized types of meristems
Term
eudicot leaves
Definition
leaves that have pinnate or palmate venation
Term
morphological species concept, biological species concept, evolutionary/phylogenetic species concept, ecological species concept
Definition
4 different ways/concepts of defining species
Term
phloem
Definition
primarily responsible for transport of organic nutrients (dissolved sugars) from leaves or roots to other areas of the plant (flow can occur in both directions depending on time of year)
Term
pneumatophores
Definition
upward directed appendage, allows for gas exchange
Term
auxin
Definition
"master" plant hormone; influences plant structure, development, and behavior in many ways
Term
thigmotropism
Definition
the behavioral response in plants due to touch. ex: grasping behavior of vine tendrils
Term
phytochromes
Definition
red and far-red light receptors
Term
nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, and sulfur
Definition
macronutrients in plants
Term
ammonia (NH3), ammonium ion (NH4+), and nitrate ion (NO3-)
Definition
the three "fixed" forms of nitrogen
Term
Mycorhizzal (plant-fungus) associations
Definition
relationship between plants and fungi where the fungi live within root tissues or envelop root surfaces. Fungi obtain organic food from plant while fungi supplies water and mineral nutrients
Term
sympatric speciation...
(a)has been observed by recent centuries
(b)may involve sudden changes in the number of sets of chromosomes in plants
(c) may occur within a population that occupies the same geographic range
(d) all of the above
(e) none of the above
Definition
C
Term
Which of the following is NOT a primary meristem?
(a) protoderm
(b) procambium
(c) cork cambium
(d) ground meristem
(e)all of the above(none are primary meristems)
Definition
C
Term
Parallel venation is a characteristic of:
(a) stems of monocots
(b) leaves of monocots
(c) stems of eudicots
(d) leaves of eudicots
(e) roots of flowering plants
Definition
B
Term
upward-directed roots that are thought to aid in gas exchange in trees that live in swampy areas are called:
(a) pneumataphores
(b) prop roots
(c) buttress roots
(d) tap roots
(e) fibrous roots
Definition
A
Term
Microevolution is best described as:
(a) evolution of single-celled organisms
(b) the formation of new species or groups of species through natural selective processes
(c) changes in the genetic composition of a population of a particular species over time
(d) evolution that occurs in very small, almost indistinguishable steps
Definition
D
Term
A limitation of the biological species concept is that:
(a) it cannot be used in sexually reproducing species
(b) it cannot be used in asexually reproducing species
(c) in many cases, ancestral relationships are not agreed upon by evolutionary biologists
(d) fossil species cannot be assessed using this concept
(e) b and d
(f) a and c
Definition
B
Term
which of the following describes I(most directly) a typical biogeography-related mechanism for the origin of new species
(a)a global catastrophic event causes massive worldwide extinctions, leaving only a small number of species to diversity evolutionarily
(b) exposure to radioactive minerals causes a higher mutation rate, promoting faster evolutionary processes
(c) a rising mountain range separates members of a single species into 2 distinct populations with distinct selective pressures bringing about evolutionary change.
(d) all of the above
Definition
C
Term
carbon-14 radiometric dating relies on...
(a)volcanic rock intrusions into sedimentary strata
(b)an assumption that the production of 14C in the upper atmosphere has been constant through earth's history
(c)the presence of organic material (material derived from the remains of living things) in sedimentary strata
(d) the presence of living organisms in sedimentary strata
(e) b and c
(f) a and d
Definition
C
Term
the most common response in plants that is stimulated by cytokinins is:
(a) an increase in the size of affected cells
(b) programmed cell death
(c) cell division
(d) dropping/losing leaves
(e) none of the above
Definition
C
Term
the main cell type that is used in transport through phloem tissues is called:
(a) tracheid
(b) vessel element
(c) sieve tube element
(d) companion cells
(e) none of the above
Definition
A
Term
of the following individuals, who is most closely associated with the concept of geological uniformitarianism (a concept that was influential in the development of Darwin's theory)
(a) Linnaeus
(b) Lamarck
(c) Hutton
(d) Malthus
(e) Aristotle
Definition
B
Term
Which of the following are general features of the fossil record?
(a) simpler species generally found in lower/deeper fossil strata, more complex forms in higher strata
(b) new structures/forms often appear suddenly in the fossil record
(c) the rate of change in the structures and forms found in fossil organisms seems uniform
(d) a and b
(e) a and c
Definition
D
Term
Which of the following are fixed forms of nitrogen?
(a) ammonia (NH3)
(b) ammonium (NH4+)
(c) nitrate (NO3-)
(d) nitrogen gas (N2)
(e) a,b, and c
Definition
E
Term
auxin transport that occurs on lateral or basal surfaces of plant cells occurs largely due to:
(a)free diffusion
(b)transport through AUX1 influx carrier proteins
(c)transport through PIN transport proteins
(d) the movement of water in the xylem tissue
(e) none of the above
(d)
Definition
C
Term
Which of the following views suggest that Genesis days are meant to be interpreted as a ordered chronological account, but that the "days" actually represent long period?
(a) Day-Age interpretation
(b) framework view
(c) theistic evolution
(d) analogical days
(e) none of the above
Definition
A
Term
vestigial structures
Definition
anatomical structures that have highly reduced or no apparent function (but resemble functional structures of presumed ancestors)
Term
homologous genes
Definition
2 genes derived from the same ancestral gene
Term
cladogenesis
Definition
the splitting of lineages
Term
autopolyploidy
Definition
non-disjunction of chromosomes during meiosis, self-fertilization
Term
allopolyploidy
Definition
results from cross-fertilization between 2 species
Term
haploid
Definition
a gametophyte is (a) haploid (b) diploid
Term
diploid
Definition
a sporophyte is (a) haploid (b) diploid
Term
annuals
Definition
plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life
Term
perennials
Definition
plants that live for more than 2 years, often producing seed every year of maturity
Term
shoot apical meristem
Definition
rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branch; produces shoot stem
Term
root apical meristem
Definition
rapidly dividing cells at root tips; produces root system
Term
protoderm
Definition
type of primary meristem that generates epidermis
Term
procambium
Definition
type of primary meristem that produces vascular tissues (primary xylem and phloem)
Term
ground meristem
Definition
type of primary meristem that produces ground tissues (cortex and pith)
Term
secondary meristem
Definition
structure that surrounds the established stem of a plant and causes it to grow laterally(girth and diameter)
Term
vascular cambium and cork cambium
Definition
the 2 types of secondary meristems
Term
simple leaves
Definition
leaves that have only one blade; advantageous in shade by producing maximal light absorption
Term
compound/complex leaves
Definition
leaves that are dissected into leaflets, common in hot environments for heat dissipation
Term
monocot
Definition
__________ leaves have parallel venation
Term
cuticle
Definition
leaf surface feature on epidermis helps avoid dessication, filter UV radiation, and reduce microbe and animal attack
Term
guard cells
Definition
leaf surface features that regulate stomatal opening and closing
Term
trichomes
Definition
leaf surface features that offer protection from excessive light, UV radiation, extreme air temperature or attacks from herbivores
Term
primary
Definition
herbaceous (non-woody) plants produce mostly ___________ vascular tissues
Term
primary and secondary
Definition
woody plants produce __________ vascular tissue
Term
1.4 million
Definition
known number of species
Term
morphological species concept
Definition
species concept that states species are identified by having a unique combination of physical traits
Term
biological species concept
Definition
species concept that states a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species; defined by reproductive isolation in natural environments
Term
evolutionary/phylogenetic species concept
Definition
species concept that states as a species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate
Term
ecological species concept
Definition
species concept that states members of a given species compete with each other for survival within their own niche
Term
xylem
Definition
primarily responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant bodies; in vascular bundle, located towards the stem
Term
rhizomes
Definition
underground stems
Term
stolons
Definition
above ground creeping stems
Term
prop roots
Definition
type of root that originates form the stem, supports the plant
Term
buttress roots
Definition
type of root with broad supporting structures in shallowly rooted trees
Term
polar transport
Definition
type of auxin transport that flows down in shoots and into roots
Term
stress hormones
Definition
chemicals that help plants respond to environmental stresses such as flooding, drought, high salinity, cold, heat, and attack by micro organisms and herbivores
Term
gravitropism
Definition
growth in plants that occurs in response to the force of gravity
Term
cryptochromes
Definition
blue-light receptors in plants that help young seedlings determine if light environment is bright enough for photosynthesis
Term
long-day plants
Definition
plants that flower in spring or early summer when the night period is shorter (and thus the day length is longer) than a defined period
Term
short-day plants
Definition
plants that flower only when the night length is longer than a defined period such as in late summer, fall or winter when days are short
Term
day-neutral plants
Definition
plants that flower regardless of the night length, as long as day length meets the minimal requirements for plant growth
Term
nutrient
Definition
beneficial substance metabolized by or incorporated into an organism
Term
macronutrients
Definition
nutrients required in amounts of at least 1 g/kg of plant dry matter
Term
micronutrients/ trace elements
Definition
nutrients requiredin amounts at or less than 0.1 g/kg
Term
water
Definition
typically 90% of weight of living plants
Term
chlorosis
Definition
yellowing of the leaves
Term
plant-prokaryote symbiosis
Definition
symbioses that provide fixed nitrogen and bacteria supplies plants w/ more fixed nitrogen than they could get from soil
Term
legume-rhizobia symbioses
Definition
symbioses where bacteria live in the root cells of legumes
Term
plato
Definition
greek philosopher that believed in an ordered "ladder of life" with each rung occupied (no room for change)
Term
Linnaeus
Definition
father of taxonomy who believed the classifications kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) were not attempts to establish evolutionary relationships
Term
Cuvier
Definition
Person that interpreted fossil strata as record of life's history
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