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covenant bio112 exam 3
Biology
100
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/22/2012

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Term
Which three features do all respiratory organs share?
Definition
Moist surfaces and a large surface area (both for gas exchange), and an extensive blood supply.
Term
Which type of animal (aquatic or terrestrial) have less available oxygen?
Definition
Aquatic animals have less available oxygen.
Term
Why does oxygen availability fluctuate when temperatures change in water?
Definition
The partial pressure of oxygen is less in water than in air.
Term
Define desiccation
Definition
The drying out of respiratory membranes
Term
Why does respiration take more effort for aquatic animals than for terrestrial animals?
Definition
Water is denser than air, so moving water over respiratory membranes takes more effort than moving air over respiratory membranes.
Term
What are three specialized exchange surfaces?
Definition
Gills, tracheae (insects), and lungs
Term
Two limitations of external gills
Definition
Unprotected and subject to damage, and the appearance and motion may attract predators
Term
Where are Fish gills protected? (internal)
Definition
Opercular cavity covered by the operculum
Term
In internal gills, oxygen poor blood travels through _________, and oxygen rich blood travels through ___________.
Definition
afferent vessel, efferent vessel
Term
In internal gills, blood flows in which direction relative to water?
Definition
Blood flows in the opposite direction as water flow because it allows for more efficient gas exchange.
Term
In insects, what draws air into and out of the tracheae?
Definition
Muscular movements draw air into and out of the tracheae.
Term
In insects, how does oxygen get to the body cells?
Definition
Oxygen diffuses directly from air to tracheae to tracheoles to body cells.
Term
The book lungs in Arachnids resemble what?
Definition
Gills
Term
Are lungs filled using positive or negative pressure?
Definition
Actually, lungs may be filled using either positive or negative pressure.
Term
Lungs can be ventilated using what two systems?
Definition
Tidal or flow-through systems
Term
Most amphibians' lungs are what?
Definition
Simple sacs
Term
What kind of pressure do amphibians use to fill their lungs?
Definition
Positive pressure
Term
How do amphibians create positive pressure to force air into their lungs?
Definition
First, an amphibian lowers its bottom jaw to create a pressure gradient to suck air in, then it constricts the muscles in its mouth to force the air into its lungs.
Term
Avian air sacs do not participate in _________
Definition
Gas exchange
Term
In Avians, how does the blood flow with respect to air movement?
Definition
Blood flows crosscurrent with respect to air movement.
Term
Air flow in mammals is ___________
Definition
Tidal
Term
What is the purpose of the mucus in the mammalian nose?
Definition
The mucus in the nose cleans the air of dust.
Term
Larynx
Definition
Vocal cords
Term
Trachea
Definition
Glottis (opening to trachea) protected by epiglottis, rings of cartilage, cilia and mucus trap particles
Term
Bronchioles
Definition
surrounded by circular muscle to dilate or constrict passage
Term
Alveoli
Definition
small pouches, site of gas exchange
Term
What are three characteristics of Alveoli?
Definition
One cell thick walls, the inner surface coated with extracellular fluid for gases to dissolve, surfactant chemicals reduce surface tension, prevent alveoli from collapsing
Term
Reptiles, birds, and mammals use what type of ventilation?
Definition
Negative pressure ventilation
Term
How does negative pressure work?
Definition
Volume of thoracic cavity expands, creating negative pressure, and air is drawn into lungs
Term
Inhalation
Definition
Intercostals contract to move chest wall up and out, diaphragm contracts and drops down - thoracic cavity enlarges, pressure drops, air sucked in
Term
Exhalation
Definition
Intercostals and diaphragm relax - thoracic cavity compressed, pressure increases, air pushed out
Term
What are Electrolytes?
Definition
Salts that dissociate in solution into charged ions
Term
What does Electrolyte imbalance do?
Definition
Imbalance can alter membrane potential or disrupt other cellular activities.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Water movement between adjacent body compartments across a semi-permeable membrane
Term
Osmolarity
Definition
Total concentration of dissolved solute in molecules (in moles) per Liter
Term
Water moves by osmosis from areas of ____ osmolarity to areas of ______ osmolarity
Definition
Low, high
Term
Copious dilute urine is produced by ________ in freshwater fish.
Definition
Kidneys
Term
Specialized gill epithelial cells transport __________ and _________ from water into freshwater fish's capillaries.
Definition
Na ions and Cl ions
Term
In Saltwater fish, water is lost during osmoregulation primarily across the _________, and produce very little urine.
Definition
Gills
Term
Which type of fish expends energy to transport excess salt out of body through gill epithelial cells?
Definition
Saltwater fish.
Term
Osmoconformers
Definition
When a marine invertebrate or cartilagenous fish maintains body fluid osmolarity similar to the surrounding seawater.
Term
Filtration
Definition
Organ acts like a filter to remove water and small solutes from blood while leaving behind blood cells and large solutes, and produces a filtrate that is moved into excretory tubules.
Term
Reabsorption
Definition
Desirable material in filtrate is recaptured and returned to blood.
Term
Secretion
Definition
Additional solutes moved into filtrate by active transport mechanisms.
Term
Excretion
Definition
Filtrate containing waste products and non-reabsorbed solutes released from the body.
Term
What is the simplest filtration mechanism in invertebrates?
Definition
Protonephridia
Term
In flatworms, __________ mainly diffuse out of the body.
Definition
nitrogenous wastes
Term
Protonephridia mechanism
Definition
Series of branching tubules filters fluids from body cavity using beating of ciliated cells (flame cells)
Term
Metanephridia collect _______________ and other dissolved solutes.
Definition
coelomic fluid containing nitrogenous wastes
Term
In metanephridia,nitrogenous wastes and excess solutes excreted through ___________ in body wall
Definition
nephridiopores
Term
Malpighian tubules are found in ________.
Definition
Insects.
Term
Malpighian tubules create osmotic gradient by _______________________.
Definition
Drawing water into tubule.
Term
Kidney is composed of what three main parts?
Definition
Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis
Term
Nephron
Definition
The functional units of the kidney
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
Cluster of interconnected, fenestrated capillaries
Term
Glomerular filtrate
Definition
Water and small solutes
Term
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Definition
Rate of filtrate production by kidneys
Term
3 segments of nephron tubule
Definition
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule.
Term
Descending Loop of Henle permeable to __________ but not to ___________.
Definition
Water, solutes
Term
Ascending loop of Henle ___________ to water and actively transports salts out.
Definition
Not permeable
Term
Osmotic gradient
Definition
Lower solute concentration in cortex and outer medulla, higher solute concentration in inner medulla
Term
Aldosterone is released by _____________
Definition
By the adrenal gland when activation of stretch receptors in heart atria is reduced.
Term
Aldosterone acts on _______________.
Definition
distal convoluted tubule cells to stimulate active transport of 3 molecules of Na+ out of tubule (reabsorption) for every 2 molecules of K + brought into tubule (secretion)
Term
Water from tubule lumen follows ____________________.
Definition
Na+ by osmosis into tissue fluid, then blood
Term
ADH increases _______________.
Definition
Water retention.
Term
ADH acts to ___________________.
Definition
increase the number of aquaporins (water channels) in the collecting duct membranes
Term
ADH increases ____________________.
Definition
aquaporins allow water to leave the collecting duct more rapidly, so urine becomes more concentrated more quickly.
Term
Aesexual reproduction:
Definition
Offspring are produced from a single parent without the fusion of gametes
Term
Aesexual reproduction is more prevalent in species that live _____________________.
Definition
in stable environments (with little advantage of genetic diversity)
Term
3 main advantages to aesexual reproduction:
Definition
Can reproduce asexually even if isolated,
Can reproduce rapidly,
All individuals can produce offspring
Term
2 major forms of aesexual reproduction:
Definition
Budding and parthenogenesis.
Term
Budding:
Definition
Portion of parent organism pinches off to form complete new individual
Term
Parthenogenesis:
Definition
Development of offspring from unfertilized eggs
Term
Some animals can produce both sexually and _____________.
Definition
Parthenogenetically.
Term
Sexual reproduction:
Definition
Production of a new individual by the joining of 2 haploid gametes
Term
Firtilization:
Definition
the union of haploid egg and sperm to produce a diploid zygote
Term
Sexual reproduction allows for:
Definition
greater genetic variation in offspring
Term
Genetic variation:
Definition
more rapid adaptation of a species to environmental changes
Term
Dioecius
Definition
Two separate sexes
Term
Monecius
Definition
Hermaphroditism
Term
Hermaphroditism
Definition
Both male and female reproductive systems present
Term
Two types of hermaphroditism:
Definition
Synchronous and Sequential
Term
Synchronous Hermaphroditism:
Definition
individual simultaneously male and female (snails, earthworms, certain fish species )
Term
Sequential Hermaphroditism:
Definition
sex reversal:
Protogynous – female first (clownfish species)
Protandrous – male first (angelfish species)
Term
External Fertilization:
Definition
Eggs and sperm are released in close proximity (usually, aquatic environments)
Term
Species specific behaviors sometimes used to:
Definition
increase likelihood of egg/sperm encounter
Term
Another factor in external fertilization used to increase chances of encounter, helps to overcome predation:
Definition
Usually releasing very large amounts of eggs or sperm at once.
Term
Internal fertilization:
Definition
Sperm deposited within female reproductive tract during copulation
Term
Internal fertilization protects:
Definition
delicate gametes from environmental hazards and predation
Term
Viviparity:
Definition
embryo develops within the mother, derive nourishment from mother
Term
Oviparity:
Definition
embryo develops inside an egg that is layed outside the mother
Term
Ovoviviparity:
Definition
eggs covered in a thin shell retained inside mother but receive no (or little) nourishment from the mother
Term
Male sexual structure:
Definition
External genitalia consist of penis and scrotum
Term
Scrotum holds:
Definition
testes where sperm develop at 2°C lower than core body temperature
Term
Each testes composed primarily of:
Definition
coiled seminiferous tubules (site of spermatogenesis)
Term
Sperm develop in:
Definition
walls of seminiferous tubules, released into lumen
Term
Sertoli cells in walls of seminferous tubules provide:
Definition
Nutrients and protection to developing sperm
Term
Semen contain:
Definition
Sperm about 5% of volume
Fluid from seminal vesicles (fructose), bulbourethral glands (alkaline mucus), and prostate gland (protective fluid)
Term
Gonadotropin:
Definition
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) made by hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Term
Testosterone...
Definition
Acts on Sertoli cells and germ cells to stimulate spermatogenesis
Stimulates growth of male reproductive tract and genitalia during development and puberty
Stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics – facial hair, horns on bulls, bright feathers of peacocks
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