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covenant bio112 exam 3
Flashcards for the 3rd Bio exam (Not accumulative section)
68
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/02/2012

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Term
What is Sensory Transduction?
Definition
Incoming stimuli (chemical or physical stimuli from an animal’s body or the external environment) are converted into neural signals
Term
What is an Epithelial cell?
Definition
It is a cell in the Epithelium. Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
Term
What is the nervous system like in Insects?
Definition
They have a brain that has several subdivisions with separate functions. Close to cephalization.
Term
What is Cephalization?
Definition
An increasing complex brain in anterior region of the body (the head).
Term
Explain the vertebrate nervous system.
Definition
Two kinds of systems:
First: Central nervous system (CNS) Consists of Brain and spinal cord
Second: Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Consists of cranial nerves, ganglia, and spinal nerves.
Term
What is the Anatomical Nucleus?
Definition
A cluster of cell bodies of neurons involved in a similar function in the CNS.
Term
What is the Anatomical Ganglion?
Definition
A cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function.
Term
What is the Anatomical Tract?
Definition
Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in the CNS.
Term
What is the Anatomical Nerves?
Definition
Myelinated axons that run in parallel bundles in PNS.
Term
What are Mechanoreceptors?
Definition
They transduce mechanical energy.
Term
What are electromagnetic receptors?
Definition
They detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Term
What are Photoreceptors?
Definition
They respond to visible light energy.
Term
What are Thermoreceptors?
Definition
They respond to cold and heat
Term
What are Chemoreceptors?
Definition
They respond to specific chemicals
Term
What are Nociceptors? (Pain Receptors)
Definition
They respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids.
Term
What are Meissner’s corpuscles?
Definition
They sense touch and light pressure. They lie just beneath the skin surface.
Term
What are Pacinain corpuscles?
Definition
They respond to deep pressure and vibration. They are located much deeper beneath the surface.
Term
What are free nerve endings?
Definition
Nerves that respond to pain, itch, and temperature.
Term
What do hair follicle endings do?
Definition
They respond to light touch and vibration.
Term
What are Stretch Receptors?
Definition
When stretching occurs it alters proteins in the cell membrane, causing ion channels to open, and causing membrane to depolarize. Example: Stretching of the stomach wall is interpreted as fullness. Also stretching of blood vessels provides blood pressure information.
Term
Explain the Lateral Line System.
Definition
When there is a current in the water, the organism can sense it though the water entering through pores. The pores connect to the lateral line. In this line are cupula that cover multiple cilia cells. When the water moves across the cupula it cause the cilia cells to bend, thus causing a response.
Term
What is a wavelength?
Definition
The distance from the peak of one sound wave to the next.
Term
What is frequency?
Definition
The number of complete waves in a second. (Hz)
Term
How are short wavelengths different than long wavelengths?
Definition
Short have high frequencies perceived as high pitch or tone. Long have lower frequencies perceived as a lower pitch.
Term
What is the Eustachian Tube?
Definition
It connects to pharynx, equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmospheric pressure.
Term
What is the Basilar Membrane?
Definition
It is the membrane of the cochlea that separating the vestibular canal from the tympanic canal. Short wavelengths (higher frequencies) and pass through it.
Term
Explain the movement of sound waves though the ear.
Definition
The outer ear collects sound waves and causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate. The tympanic membrane causes the ossicles to vibrate which then vibrate against the oval window. Pressure waves travel from the oval window to the vestibular canal and then to the tympanic canal. Waves of shorter wavelength travel through the cochlear duct and cause the basilar membrane to vibrate.
Term
How does the Corti transmit sound to the brain?
Definition
The vibrations in the Cochlea are transferred to the organ of the corti. The hairs on the corti bend due to the vibrations, these bends trigger neurotransmitters to be released. Action potentials are triggered in the auditory nerve. The frequency of action potentials are determined by up-and-down vibration of basilar membrane.
Term
What does the Utricle do?
Definition
It senses horizontal movements.
Term
What does the Saccule do?
Definition
It senses vertical acceleration.
Term
Explain the Vestibular system in vertebrates.
Definition
When head moves inertia causes calcium carbonate otoliths (which are embedded in a gelatinous substance) to lag behind and bend cilia changing the membrane potential. There are 3 canals that are oriented with these structures in 1 in each of the 3 plains. This gives the organism a sense of orientation.
Term
What are otoliths?
Definition
They are calcium carbonate based structures that are effected by gravity.
Term
How do Photoreceptors work?
Definition
They detect photons of light arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflecting off an object.
Term
What is a Photon?
Definition
A fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation with the properties of both a particle and a wave.
Term
Explain the visual organs of Platyhelminthes.
Definition
They have eyespots (make up of photoreceptors), which are used to detect the presence or absence of light. They do not form visual images. They have a layer of pigment that casts shadows, so it can detect the direction of light.
Term
What are ommatidia?
Definition
They are light detectors.
Term
How does the compound eye work?
Definition
Each facet(ommatidia) are make up of a lens and crystalline cone. The cone focus light into the rhabdom(transparent tube). This tube is surrounded by retinula which serve as photoreceptors. There are pigment cells that surround the rhabdom that keep light from leaking into the adjacent ommatidia. compound eyes are extremely sensitive to light, but have less resolving power than the single-lens eye.
Term
What is the Sclera?
Definition
A strong outer white sheath.
Term
What is the Cornea?
Definition
It is continuous with sclera, but thin and clear.
Term
What is the Iris?
Definition
A pigmented smooth muscle controlling size of pupil.
Term
What are rods?
Definition
Rods are sensitive to low intensity light and do not discriminate colors. Used mostly at night.
Term
What are cones?
Definition
Require more light for stimulation and detect color. There are fewer cones than rods in human retina.
Term
Name the parts of the eye from anterior to posterior.
Definition
Sclera, Cornea, Pupil-Iris, Lens, Retina, Optic Nerve
Term
What is the Pupil?
Definition
The hole in the eyeball that lets light in.
Term
Explain rod cell structure.
Definition
A rod cell is a modified neuron. The outer segment contains pigment. The inner segment contains nucleus and other organelles. On the "bottom" of the rod is a synaptic terminal filled with neurotransmitter filled vesicles that interact with postsynaptic neurons.
Term
What are visual pigments made up of?
Definition
Opsin and Retinal
Term
What is opsin pigment?
Definition
Two kinds: Rod pigment-Rhodopsin and Cone pigment-humans 3 (red, green, blue) some less, birds have 5
Term
What is retinal pigment?
Definition
A "vitamin A" derivative that absorbs light energy.
Term
What is Olfaction?
Definition
Sense of smell
Term
What is Gustation?
Definition
Sense of taste
Term
What are Chemoreceptor cells?
Definition
Cells that have receptors that allow chemicals to bind causing the release of neurotransmitters.
Term
Explain the Olfactory system?
Definition
The olfactory receptors have long cilia with specific receptors to bind odor molecules. Only one kind of odor receptor is expressed per olfactory cell. The binding of a chemical ligand results in action potentials being sent to olfactory bulb at the base of the brain. The overall smell sensation depends upon which set of olfactory receptor cells are activated.
Term
What are papillae?
Definition
They are the bumps on the tongue that contain the folds that contain the taste buds.
Term
What are the functions of the Skeleton?
Definition
Support, Protection, and Locomotion.
Term
Pivot joints have what kind of movement?
Definition
Rotational
Term
Hinge joints have what kind of movement?
Definition
Movement in one plane
Term
Ball-and-socket joints have what kind of movement?
Definition
Movement in several planes
Term
What is the purpose of tendons?
Definition
They link bone to skeletal muscle.
Term
What is special about the lever set up in the body?
Definition
That the muscles only have to contract a bit for the arm to move a lot. So relatively slow movements from the muscle can produce fast movements of the hand or other body part.
Term
Name the muscle structure from largest to smallest.
Definition
Muscle, Bundle of muscle fibers, One muscle fiber, Myofibril, Sarcomere, 2 kinds of filaments.
Term
In sarcomeres what are the thick filaments?
Definition
Myosin
Term
In sarcomeres what are the thin filaments?
Definition
Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
Term
What is a myogenic?
Definition
When mammalian hearts can generate their own periodic action potentials
Term
What is Neurogenic?
Definition
When hearts of arthropods require regular electrical impulses from the nervous system
Term
What are platelets?
Definition
Role in formation of blood clots (fibrin precipitation)
Term
What are Erythrocytes?
Definition
Red Blood cells that carry oxygen transport using hemoglobin
Term
What are Leukocytes?
Definition
White blood cells that defend body against infection and disease
Term
What is the difference between arteries and arterioles?
Definition
Arteries: Conduct blood away from the heart
Layers of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue around smooth endothelium
Arterioles:Smaller in diameter, branches of arteries
Walls thinner than arteries, lack thick layer of connective tissue
Have smooth muscle encircling (can control flow of blood-key factor in blood pressure)
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