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covenant bio112 exam 1
covenant bio112 exam 1
151
Biology
Not Applicable
04/25/2012

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Term
general revelation
Definition
to all intelligent creatures
Term
special revelation
Definition
addressed to special class of sinners accounting for the diversity and integration of life
Term
what should christians avoid?
Definition
jumping to shallow/poorly considered conclusions; shameful interactions with people of differing opinions
Term
what should christians pursue tenaciously?
Definition
humility - humbly recognize the fallenness of our faculties
Term
6-day interpretation
Definition
6 literal days, young earth (4-5/6-0k old), straight-forward reading
Term
day-age
Definition
"yom" as age rather than 24-hr day; scientific evidence suggests old earth; sequence of events is the same
Term
analogical days
Definition
days are God's work days, not identical to our work days; days are not of known length, logical not chronological break-down and sequence, length unknown to us
Term
framework
Definition
creation week is a metaphor, poetic structure; length of days unspecified, order and time is viewed as unimportant
Term
sedimentary rock strata
Definition
show distinctive assemblies of fossil organisms
Term
carbon 14 dating
Definition
radioactive isotope of carbon, ration C12 to C14 can suggest age of spectrum; assumes that production of C14 in upper atmosphere is constant
Term
potassium 40 dating
Definition
deposited in volcanic rock layers; ratio of potassium 40 to argon 40
Term
Hadean Eon
Definition
4.5 bya; fossil evidence of prokaryotic cells; proposed that bacteria arose during this era
Term
Archaean Eon
Definition
3.8 bya; photosynthetic bacteria and first eukaryotic cells
Term
Proterozoic Eon
Definition
2.5 bya; multicellular eukaryotes; bilateral eukaryotes
Term
developmental homology
Definition
species that differ as adults often bear significant similarities during embryonic stages
Term
molecular homology
Definition
similarities in cells at the molecular level that suggest to some that living species evolved from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors
Term
prezygotic barriers
Definition
prevent formation of zygote
Term
postzygotic barriers
Definition
block development of viable, fertile individuals
Term
habitat isolation
Definition
geographic barrier prevents contact
Term
temporal isolation
Definition
reproduce at different times of the day or year
Term
behavioral isolation
Definition
behaviors important in mate choice (change in song)
Term
mechanical isolation
Definition
size or incompatible genitalia prevents mating
Term
gametic isolation
Definition
gametes fail to unite successfully; important in species that release gametes into the water or air
Term
hybrid inviability
Definition
fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages
Term
hybrid sterility
Definition
interspecies hybrid viable but sterile
Term
hybrid breakdown
Definition
hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities
Term
first evidence of eukaryotic cells in the fossil record is found in the transition between:
Definition
Archaean and Porterozoic eons
Term
mechanical isolation is an example of:
Definition
prezygotic reproductive isolation
Term
formation of two species from an initial population in a single geographic area (without any splitting of the population) is reffered to as
Definition
sympatric speciation
Term
the long snouts and tongues of giant anteaters and echidnas are often cited as examples of:
Definition
convergent evolution
Term
Darwin's idea of the impact of limited resources on population growth were most likely to have influenced the ideas of:
Definition
Malthus
Term
the "modern synthesis" refers to:
Definition
the bringing together of modern understandings of genetic transmission/inheritance and Darwinian evolutionary theory
Term
"alternation of generations" in plants
Definition
sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid, gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid, spore-producing phase; the spores of the latter reinitiate the haploid phase
Term
gametophyte (haploid)
Definition
microscopic in flowering plants; produce gametes by mitosis
Term
sporophyte (diploid)
Definition
in flowering plants, large, independent, recognizable "plant"; produces spores by meiosis
Term
mature flowering plants produce:
Definition
seeds and fruits
Term
flower tissues
Definition
enclose and protect tiny male and female gametophytes
Term
fruits
Definition
enclose seeds and function in dispersal
Term
seeds
Definition
enclose plant embryos
Term
annuals
Definition
plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life
Term
biennials
Definition
plants that do not reproduce the first year, but may the following year
Term
perennials
Definition
plants that live for more that 2 years
Term
four essential processes for growth and development in plants:
Definition
cell division, cell growth, cell specialization, apoptosis
Term
shoot apical meristem (SAM)
Definition
rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branch; produces shoot system (stems, branches, leaves, and other organ systems)
Term
root apical meristem (RAM)
Definition
rapidly dividing cells at root tips; produces root system
Term
protoderm
Definition
generates epidermis
Term
procambium
Definition
produces vascular tissues (primarily xylem and phloem)
Term
ground meristem
Definition
produces ground tissues (cortex, pith)
Term
secondary meristems
Definition
surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (vascular cambium; cork cambium)
Term
secondary meristems
Definition
surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally (vascular cambium; cork cambium)
Term
plant growth involves..
Definition
producing new cells; cell expansion
Term
expansion in plants occurs when...
Definition
water enters the central vacuole by osmosis; allows for more rapid growth in plants
Term
general functions/characteristics of leaves:
Definition
main photosynthetic systems; site of gas exchange; susceptible to water loss/drying
Term
simple leaves
Definition
only one blade, adventageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption
Term
complex/compound leaves
Definition
dissected into leaflets, common in hot environments for heat dissipation
Term
eudicot leaves
Definition
have pinnate or palmate venation; netted veins with branching patterns provide more support to the leaf
Term
monocot leaves
Definition
have parallel venation
Term
nodes
Definition
attachment for leaves and branches
Term
internodes
Definition
regions between the nodes
Term
buds
Definition
contain meristematic tissue, areas of growth
Term
primary vascular tissue
Definition
derived from primary meristem (procambium)
Term
secondary vascular tissue
Definition
derived from secondary meristem (vascular cambium)
Term
herbaceous (non-woody) plants
Definition
produce mostly primary vascular tissues
Term
woody plants
Definition
produce primary and secondary vascular tissues
Term
xylem
Definition
primarily responsible for the transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant body; in vascular bundles located towards the center of the stem
Term
phloem
Definition
primarily responsible for the transport of organic nutrients (dissolved sugars) from leaves or roots to other areas of the plant
Term
primary xylem composed of
Definition
tracheids and vessel elements (dead cells) conduct water and dissolved mineral
Term
primary phlem composed of
Definition
sieve elements, companion cells, parenchyma cells, supportive fibers
Term
secondary xylem
Definition
"wood"
Term
secondary phloem
Definition
"inner bark"
Term
cork cambium
Definition
produces outer bark which protects the surface of the plat as it grows in diameter. cork cells dead when mature and layered with lignin and suberin
Term
rhizomes
Definition
underground stems
Term
stolons
Definition
above ground creeping stem
Term
tubers and bulbs
Definition
underground modified stems that store food
Term
prop roots
Definition
originate from stem, support the plane
Term
buttress roots
Definition
broad supporting structures in shallow roots
Term
pneumatophores
Definition
upward directer appendage, allows for gas exchange
Term
fleshy storage roots
Definition
carrots, sugar beets
Term
zone of elongation
Definition
cells extend b water uptake
Term
zone of maturation
Definition
root cell differentiation and tissue specialization
Term
plant signal transduction
Definition
process in which a cell perceives a signal, switching on an intracellular pathway that leads to cellular responses
Term
receptors or sensors in signal transduction
Definition
proteins that become activated when they receive a specific type of signal
Term
messengers or second messengers in signal transduction
Definition
transmis messages from many types of activated sensors to effect molecules; calcium ions common
Term
effectors in signal transduction
Definition
molecules that directly influence cellular response; often involve activation or repression of gene expression
Term
auxin
Definition
"master" plant hormone; influences plant structure, development, and behavior through:
- apical-basal polarity of plant body
- important in the development of vascular tissues
- alter the pattern of growth and development in response to environment
Term
auxin transport in the plant body is produce primarily in:
Definition
apical shoot tips and young leaves
Term
AUX1
Definition
plasma membrane protein (auxin influx carrier) at apical cell end
Term
PIN
Definition
proteins that transport auxin out (auxin efflux carriers) at basal or lateral surfaces of cells
Term
polar transport
Definition
auxin flows down in shoots and into roots
Term
stress hormones
Definition
help plants respond to environmental stresses such as flooding, drought, high salinity, cold, heat, and attack by microorganisms and herbivores
Term
chemical defenses for herbivore attack
Definition
plant responses to jasmonic acid can cause synthesis of chemicals that are repulsive to herbivore; can cause release of chemicals to attract predators of their attackers and/or cause defensive response to neighboring plants
Term
response to pathogen attack
Definition
chemicals produced by bacterial and fungal pathogens elicit response; systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
respond to light absorption by switching on signal transduction; results in sun tracking, phototropism, flowering, and seed germination
Term
blue-light receptors
Definition
cryptochromes help young seedlings determine if light environment bright enough for photosynthesis
Term
phototroponin
Definition
main blue-light sensor in phototropism; becomes phosphorylated when exposed to blue light, converting light signal to a chemical signal
Term
long-day plants
Definition
flower in spring or early summer when night period is shorter
Term
short-day plants
Definition
flower only when night length is longer than defined period, late summer/fall/winter; short days
Term
day-nuetral plants
Definition
flower regardless of night length as long as day length meets minimal requirements for plant growth
Term
phytochromes
Definition
red- and far-red light receptors; flip back and forth between 2 conformations (Pfr and Pr)
Term
Pfr
Definition
conformation that only absorbs far-red light and activates cellular responses; moves from cytoplasm to nucleus, impacting gene regulation; absorption of far-red light causes conversion to Pr (inactive)
Term
Pr
Definition
can only absorb red light and cannot activate cellular response; red light converts Pr to Pfr
Term
scarcity of nutrients may:
Definition
select for adaptations that help in acquisition or trigger adaptive changes that aid in nutrient acquisition
Term
essential nutrients
Definition
substances needed by plants in order to complete their reproductive cycle
Term
macronutrients
Definition
required in amounts of at least 1g/kg of plant dry matter
Term
micronutrients/trace elements
Definition
required in amounts at or less than .1g/kg per day
Term
plant macronutrients
Definition
nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfer
Term
plant micronutrients
Definition
chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, sodium, copper, molybdenum, nickel
Term
chlorosis
Definition
yellowing of leaves
Term
what currently existing plan group is comprised of the largest number of species?
Definition
flowering plants (magnoliophyta)
Term
in flowering plants, the most visibly prominent of the two alternating generations is:
Definition
the diploid sporophyte
Term
what is an example of a secondary meristem?
Definition
vascular cambium; cork cambium
Term
a cactus spine is an example of a:
Definition
modified leaf
Term
sieve tube members are most closely related to:
Definition
phloem
Term
in growing root tips, the presence of root hairs is an indicator of:
Definition
the zone of maturation
Term
PIN proteins are most directly involved in:
Definition
transport of auxins on basal and lateral surfaces of plant cells
Term
the experiments of Went and Briggs demonstrated:
Definition
that a diffusible substance, or hormone, from shoot tips was likely involved in phototropism
Term
statoliths are most closely associated with:
Definition
gravitropism
Term
the phytochrome Pfr conformation
Definition
is the active conformation that can initiate cellular signals; is inactivated by absorbing far red light; is involved in the timing of seed germination
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
may occur within a population that occupies the same geographic range; has been observed in recent centuries; may involve sudden changes in the number of sets of chromosomes in plants
Term
examples of primary meristem:
Definition
protoderm, procambium, ground meristem
Term
parallel venation is a characteristic of:
Definition
leaves of monocots
Term
upward-directed roots that are thought to aid in gas exchange in trees that live in swampy areas are called:
Definition
pneumatophores
Term
microevolution is best described as:
Definition
changes in genetic composition of a population of a particular species over time
Term
a limitation of the biological species concept is that:
Definition
it cannot be used in asexually reproducing species; in many cases, ancestral relationships are not agreed upon by evolutionary biologists
Term
give an example of a typical biogeography-related mechanism for the origin of a new species:
Definition
a rising mountain range separates members of a single species into two distinct populations, with distinct selective pressures bringing about evolutionary change
Term
carbon-14 radiometric dating relies on:
Definition
an assumption that the production of 14 C in the upper atmosphere has been constant throughout earth's history; the presence of organic material (material derived from the remains of living things) in sedimentary strata
Term
the most common response in plants that is stimulated by cytokinins is:
Definition
cell division
Term
the main cell type that is used in transport through phloem tissues is called:
Definition
sieve tube element
Term
who is most closely associated with the concept of geological uniformitarianism (a concept that was influential in the development of Darwin's theory)
Definition
Hutton
Term
which of the following are general features of the fossil records?
Definition
simper species generally found in deeper/lower fossil strata, more complex forms in higher strata; new structures/forms often appear suddenly in the fossil record
Term
what are fixed forms of nitrogen?
Definition
ammonia (NH3); ammonium (NH4+); nitrate (NO3-)
Term
auxin transport that occurs on lateral or basal surfaces of plant cells occurs largely due to
Definition
transport through PIN transport proteins
Term
limits of radiometric dating
Definition
often require an assumption about the initial amounts present in a material
Term
proposed geological timescale
Definition
4.55 billion year history
Term
biological evolution
Definition
a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or a species across many generations
Term
from a genetic perspective, biological evolution involves
Definition
changes in allele frequencies over time
Term
microevolution
Definition
biological evolution viewed on a smaller scale, relating to genetic or phenotypic changes within a population over time
Term
macroevolution
Definition
biological evolution viewed on a larger scale relating to formation of a new species or groups of species
Term
Darwin
Definition
british naturalist born in 1809; developed a theory of evolution presented in 1858
Term
Plato's essentialism
Definition
variations of the ideal/"real" form; evolution would not occur in a world of perfectly adapted creatures
Term
Aristotle:
Definition
presented an ordered "ladder of life" with each rung occupied; no room for change
Term
natural theology
Definition
creator's plan could be understood by studying nature; adaptations/characteristics of organisms were evidence that creatures were designed for a particular purpose; classification allowed an appreciation of the hierarchial steps on the ladder of life
Term
Linneaus
Definition
1707-78; father of taxonomy; classification were not attempts to establish evolutionary relations; "God creates, Linneaus aranges"
Term
Curvier and catatrophism
Definition
interpreted fossil strata as a record of life's history; speculated that boundaries between fossil strata corresponded to the time of historical catastrophic events; catastrophic events caused mass extinctions
Term
James Hutton and Charles Lyell
Definition
profound geological change due to slow, continuous processes that continue to operate in the world; canyons formed by slow erosion, fossil bearing slow strata slowly accumulate over time suggesting that the earth is very old
Term
Lamark
Definition
drive toward complexity; developed an early evolutionary model; organisms have the tendency to adapt and change in response to environment; continuous line of descent form simply ancient organisms more complex modern organisms.
Term
Thomas Malthus
Definition
Anglican minister and "doomsday" economist; suggested that unchecked populations growth would inevitably lead to famine, disease, and ceaseless struggle for existance
Term
where did Darwin travel to on his voyage on the Beagle?
Definition
South America, Australia, Southern tip of Africa, Pacific Islands
Term
Darwins descent with modification conclusions
Definition
2 separated populations of a species could diverge as each adapted to local conditions; or if environmental conditions change dramatically, a species' characteristics could change over time; over many generations, divergence could become enough to generate new species
Term
fishapod
Definition
suggested to be a "traditional form" between fish and tetrapods; provides link between earlier and later forms; broad skull, flexible neck, eyes on top, primitive wrist and 5 fingers
Term
biogeography
Definition
study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species
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