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Covenant bio 112 exam 3
nervous and sensory systems
45
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/11/2012

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Term
What does the Central nervous system consit of?
Definition
brain and spinal chord
Term
What does the peripheral system consist of?
Definition
neurons and axons of neurons outside the CNS (ganglia and peripheal nerves)
Term
Nucleus
Definition
cluster of neuron cell bodies of neurons involved in a simliar function in the CNS
Term
Ganglion
Definition
cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS involved in a similar function
Term
Tract
Definition
mylenated axons that run in parellel bundles in the CNS
Term
nerves
Definition

mylenated axons that run in parallel bundles in the PNS (cranial nerves--connected to brain)

(spinal nerves--run from various locations in the body to the spinal chord)

Term
sensory transduction
Definition
incoming stimuli (chemical/physical from an animal's body or the external environment) are converted into neural signals
Term
perception
Definition
conscious awareness of sensations (not all sensations  are consciously perceived by an organism)
Term
sensory receptor
Definition
recognizes stimulus and initiates signal transduction by creating graded potentials in the same or adjacent cells, either neurons or specialized epithelial cells, when the response is strong enough, and action potential is sent to the CNS
Term
membrane potential
Definition
receptor potential
Term
A higher frequency produces a ___________ stimulus.
Definition
more intense
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
transduce mechanical energy (i.e. glass rod pressign on hand)
Term
Electromagnetic receptors
Definition
detect radiation within a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum
Term

Photoreceptors

(type of Elctromagnetic receptors)

Definition
light (visible)
Term

Thermoreceptors

(type of Electromagnetic receptors)

Definition
cold/heat
Term

infrared receptors

(type of Electromagentic receptors)

Definition
ultraviolet/ magnetic fields
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
respond to specific chemicals
Term
Nociceptors, or pain receptors
Definition
respond to extremes of heat, cold, and pressure, as well as to certain molecules such as acids (only respond to an intese stimulus)
Term
Physically touching or deforming a mechanoreceptor cell opens  ____________ in the plasma membrane.
Definition
ion channels
Term
Two types of mechanoreceptors are:
Definition
neurons and epithelial cells
Term
Meissner's corpuscles (skin receptors)
Definition

sense touch and light pressure

(lie just beneath the skin's surface)

Term
Pacinian corpuscles (skin receptor)
Definition
respond to deep pressure and vibration (located much deeper beneath the surface)
Term
The Lateral line system can _____.
Definition
detect changes in water currents
Term

Wavelength

(Audition)

Definition
distance from peak of one sound wave to the next
Term

Frequency (Hertz)

(Audition)

Definition
number of complete waves in a second
Term
Short wavelengths have ________ frequencies and are perceived as a ________pitch or tone.
Definition
high, high
Term
Long wavelengths have _______ frequencies and are perceived as a _______ pitch or tone.
Definition
low, low
Term
Outer Ear consists of:
Definition

pinna and auditory canal

(seperated from middel ear by eardrum)

Term
Middle ear consists of:
Definition
ossicles (malleus, iscus, and stapes) connect eardrum to oval window
Term
Inner Ear consists of:
Definition
cochlea (audition) and vestibluar system (equilibrium, balance, proprioception)
Term
What is the flow of sound waves through the ear?
Definition
sound waves--outer ear typmanic membrane vibration--ossicles vibrate--oval window sends pressure waves through cochlea
Term
Equilibrium or Proprioception
Definition
ability to sense the position, orientation, movement of the body
Term
Many aquatic invertebrates have ___________ to send positional information.
Definition
statocysts
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
detect photons of light  arriving from the sun or other light source, or reflectin off an object
Term
Photon
Definition
fundamental unit of electromagnetic radiation  with the properties of both a particle and a wave
Term
rods (receptor cells in human eye)
Definition
sesitive to low intensity light, do not discriminate color, used mostly at night
Term
cones (receptor cells in human eye)
Definition
require more light for stimulation, detect color
Term
Does the human retina contain more cones or rods?
Definition
cones
Term
retinal
Definition
vitamin A derivative that absorbs light energy
Term
cone pigements (type of opsin protein)
Definition
human have 3 (red, green, blue) distinct photopsins, some species have less, birds have 5
Term
Rhodopsin (type of opsin protein)
Definition
rod pigment 
Term
Olfaction
Definition
sense of smell
Term
Gustation
Definition
sense of taste
Term
Hyperpolarization in proportinal to _______.
Definition
Intensity of light
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