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covenant bio 112 exam 1 Liz DeMaria
N/A
127
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/01/2012

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Term
Two types of Divine Revelation
Definition
General Revelation and Special Revelation
Term
General Revelation
Definition
accessible to all men
Term
6 Day view
Definition

literal 24 hour days; 6 of them.

young earth

most straight forward reading

Term
Day- Age
Definition

"Yom" as age rather than 24 hour days.

scientific evidence of an old earth.

different reading of Genesis.

days are not 24 hour periods

Term
Analogical Days
Definition

Gods work days.

not identical to our work days.

days are not of known length, may overlap.

logical rather then chronological breakdown.

Term
Framework
Definition

similar to analogical.

creation week is a metaphor.

poetic vehicle to describe what God did.

length of days are unspecified.

order and timing is unimportant

Term
sedimentary rock strata
Definition

shows distinctive assemblies of fossil organisms.

simpler organisms in deeper strata and more complex in higher strata

Term
definitions of biological evolution
Definition

1. a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a population or species across many generations

2. from a genetic perspective, involves changes in allele frequencies over time

 

Term
micro evolution
Definition
when biological evolution is viewed on a smaller scale relating to genetic or phenotypic changes within a population over time
Term
macro evolution
Definition

biological evolution view on a larger scale.

relating to formation of new species or groups of species

Term
species
Definition
group of related organisms that share a distinctive form and function
Term
Darwin
Definition
- British naturalist
- developed a heor of evolution adn publihed it in 1859, entitled it "The Origin of Species"
Term
Plato
Definition
- essentialism
- variations of the ideal form
- evolution would not hsve occured in a world of perfecly adapted creatures
Term
Aristotle
Definition
"ladder of life", no room for change
Term
natural theology
Definition
- creator's plan could be understood by studying nature
- adaptations of organisms were evidence that creatures were designed for a particular purpose
- classification allowed on appreciation of the hierarchial ateps on the ladder
Term
Linneaus
Definition
- father of taxonomy
- classifications were not atmepts to establish evolutionary relationships
- God creates and Linneaus arranges
Term
Cuvier and Catastrophism
Definition
- interpreted foddil strata as a record of life's history
- boundaries between strata correspond to time of catastophic events
- they cause mass extinctions
- changes in species from ine stratum to another; reflected immigration
Term
James Hutton and Charles Lyell
Definition
- profound geological change due to slow continuous processes that continue to operate the world
- canyons forming by slow erosion, suggested old earth
Term
Lamarck
Definition
- drive toward complexity
- developed early evolutionary model
- adaptive changes are heritable and passed on; organisms have the ability to adapt adn change in response to their environment
- continuous line of descent from simple ancient organisms to more complex modern organisms
- organs and structures not used deteriorate, ones that aid are strengthened
Term
Thomas Malthus
Definition
- Anglican minister and "doomsday" economist
- suggested that unchecked population growth would lead to famine, disease and struggle for existence
Term
selective breeding
Definition
many traits are transmitted from parents to offspring
Term
descent with modification
Definition
- 2 seperated populations of a species could diverge as each adapted to local conditions
- or if environmental conditions change dramatically, pecies' characteristics could cahnge over time
- over many generations. divergence could become pronounced enough to generate new species
Term
Darwin's Conceptual Framework
Definition
observation 1: if all individuals survive to reproduce to the extent they are capable of, populations would tend to grow exponentially
observation 2: environmental resources are often limited
observation 3: variation in many observable traits abounds in populations of organisms
observation 4: much of thi variation is heritble
Term
what has genetics allowed us to understnad?
Definition
the relationship between traits and heritablilty
Term
key features of Modern Synthesis
Definition
- natural variation exists that is caused by random changes in the genetic material
- genetic changes may be advantageou, disadvantgeous or neutral
- if genetic change promotes an individual's survival and/or ability to reproduce, natural selection may increase the prevalence of that trait in future generations
Term
the fossil record
Definition
much of what we know about the histroy of life comes from the study of fossils
Term
simpler, more complex
Definition
_____forms in lower strata and ______ forms in higher strata
Term
suddenly appear, rare
Definition
fossils show that many changes ___ ___; gradual changes are relatively ____.
Term
transitional
Definition
_____forms are usually abscent in fossil form.
Term
physical, biological environment
Definition
rapid rates of evolution have been suggested to occur when changes in the _____ or _______ _____ create conditions that favor new traits
Term
appear infrequently, organisms from lower strata
Definition
Truly novel features of an organism ____ _____. Most changes in fossil organisms involve alterations of structes that already exist in ______________.
Term
biogeography
Definition
study of the geographical distributions of extinct and modern species
Term
sepration of popultaions,selection conditions
Definition
Geological change may foster______ set up distinct ________ ______.
Term
Convergent Evolution
Definition
2 different species from different theoretical ancestral lineages show similar chracteristics, occupy similar environments
Term
concept of homology
Definition
s similarity in structure if 2 distinct species that contributed to a common ancestor that had that structure
Term
anatomical homology
Definition
- ancestral relationship
- homologous sructures in difernt species that are proposed to be derived from common ancestor
- vestigial structures are anatomical structures that have highly reduced or no apparent current function, but resemble functional structures of presumed ancestors
Term
developmental homology
Definition
species that differ as adults often bear significant similarities during embyonic stages
Term
molecular homology
Definition
- similarities in cells at the molecular level sugges to some that living species evoled from a common ancestor or interrelated group of common ancestors
Term
genetic homology
Definition
- homologous genes are 2 genes derived from same ancestral gene
- many reveak possible molecular details of evolutionary change
- 2 sequences may be similar overall due to the same ancestral gene but not identical due to the independent accumulation of mutations over time
- the loner the time since the common ancestor the greater the divergence
Term
morphological species concept
Definition
- species are identified by having a unique combination of physical triats
- can be applied to all organisms
Term
biological species concept
Definition
- a species is a group of individuals whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring but cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species
Term
evolutionary/ phylogenetic species concept
Definition
- a species is derived from a single lineage that is distinct from other lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate
Term
lineage
Definition
genetic relationship between an individual or group of individuals and its ancestors
Term
ecological species concept
Definition
- each species occupies a unique ecological niche
- unique set of habitat resources, as well as, its influece in the environment and other species
- within their own niche, members of a given soecies compete with one another for survival
Term
prezygotic barriers
Definition
prevent formation of zygote
Term
postzygotic barriers
Definition
block development of viable, fertile individuals
Term
habitat isolation
Definition
geographic barrier prevents contact
Term
temporal isolation
Definition
reproduce at different times of the day or the year
Term
behavioral isolation
Definition
behaviors important in mate choice
Term
mechanical isolation
Definition
size or imcompatible gentialia prevents mating
Term
gametic isolation
Definition
gametes fail to unite successfully, important in species that release gametes into water and air
Term
hybrid inviability
Definition
fertilized egg cannot progress past early embryonic stages
Term
hybrid sterility
Definition
interspecies hybrid viable but sterile
Term
hybrid breakdown
Definition
hybrids viable and fertile but subsequent generations have genetic abnormalities
Term
allopatric speciation
Definition
- proposed to be the most common source of evolution, cladogenesis
- occurs when some members of a species become geographically seperated and then diverge
Term
sympatric speciation
Definition
- occurs when members of a species that initially occupy the same habitat within the same range diverge into two or more different species
- can involve abrupt genetic change that quickly lead to the reproductive isolation of a group of individuals
Term
alternation of generations
Definition
sequence in a life cycle in which a haploid gamete-producing phase is followed by a diploid spore- producing phase
Term
gametophyte
Definition
- haploid
- microscopic in flowering plants
- produce gametes by mitosis
Term
sporophyte
Definition
- diploid
- large independent, recognizable "plant"
- produces spores by meiosis
Term
seeds and fruit
Definition
are produced by mature flowering plants
Term
fruits
Definition
enclosed seeds and function in seed dispersal
Term
annual plant
Definition
plants tht die after producing seeds during the first year of life
Term
biennial plants
Definition
do not produce during the first year but may during the secnd year
Term
perennial plants
Definition
live for more than 2 years, often produing seed every year
Term
4 processes of growth and development
Definition
cell division, cell growth, cell specialization, and cell apoptosis
Term
three types of meristems
Definition
apical meristems, primary meristems and secondary meristems
Term
shoot apical meristem
Definition
rapidly dividing cells at shoot tips and branches
- produce shoot system
Term
root apical meristem
Definition
rapidly dividing cells at root and root branches
Term
primary meristem
Definition
produce specialized cell types that produce new tissues adn organs
Term
3 ypes of primary meristem
Definition
protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem
Term
protoderm
Definition
generate epidermis
Term
procambium
Definition
produces vascular tissues
Term
ground meristem
Definition
produces ground tissues
Term
secondary meristem
Definition
surround the established stem of a plant and cause is to grow laterally
- cork cambium adn vascular cambium
Term
stem cells
Definition
- within plant meristems
- remain undifferentiated but can produce new cells capable of differentiating into specialized tissues
Term
growth in plants
Definition
- involves producing new cells
- cell expansion
Term
leaves
Definition
- main photosynthetic systems
- site of gas exchange: susceptable to water loss, drying out
Term
simple leaves
Definition
- only one blade
- advantageous in shade by providing maximal light absorption
Term
complex or compound leaves
Definition
- dissected into leaflets
- common in hot environment for heat dissipation
Term
cuticle and epidermis
Definition
- help avoid desiccation
- help filter UV radiation
- help reduce microbe and animal attack
Term
guard cells
Definition
regulate stomatal opening and closing
Term
trichomes
Definition
offer protection from excessive light, UV radiaiton, extreme air temp, or attack by herbivores
Term
stems
Definition
- support for the plant body
- carries nutrients throughout the plant
- defense system to protect against predators and infection
- hold leaves up
- may function in storage and photosynthesis
Term
nodes
Definition
attachment for leaves and branches
Term
buds
Definition
contain meristomatic tissue
- areas of growth
Term
primary vascular tissue
Definition
derived from primary meristem (procambium)
Term
secondary vascular tissue
Definition
derived from secondary meristem (vascular cambium)
Term
herbaceous
Definition
non-woody plants
- produce mostly primary vascular tissues
Term
woody plants
Definition
produce primary and secondary vasuclar tissue
Term
xylem
Definition
primarily responsible for transport of water and dissolved minerals from roots upward in plant body
- located toward the center of the stem
Term
phloem
Definition
- responsible for transport of organic nutrients from leaves or roots to other areas of the plant
- flow can occur in both directions depending on time of year
Term
primary xylem
Definition
- composed of tracheids adn vessel elements
- conduct water and dissolved minerals
Term
primary phloem
Definition
- composed of sieve elements, changes but does not die
- companion cell; aids in sieve element function
- supportive fiber
Term
monocot
Definition
vascular bundles are scatered throughout
- no vascular cambium
Term
dicot
Definition
vascular tissue arranged as a cylinder
Term
pith
Definition
parenchyma cells inside the ring
Term
secondary stem vascular tissue
Definition
- produced by vascular cambium
Term
secondary xylem
Definition
conducts most of a woody plant's water and minerals
Term
secondary phloem
Definition
active in food transport
Term
rhizomes
Definition
underground stems
Term
stolons
Definition
above ground creeping stem
Term
tubers and bulbs
Definition
underground modified stems that store food
Term
root structure
Definition
epidermis of mature root encloses region of ground parenchyma
- root cortex often rich in starch
- primary vascular system includes xylem inclosed by phloem
Term
zone of elongation
Definition
cells extend by water uptake
Term
zone of maturation
Definition
root cell differentiation and tissue specialization
- identified by presence of root hair abscent from older regions
Term
prop roots
Definition
originate from stem, support plant
Term
buttress roots
Definition
broad supporting structures in shallowly rooted trees
Term
pnuematophores
Definition
upward directed appendage, allows for gas exchange
Term
fleshy storage roots
Definition
carrots, sugar beets
Term
plant signal transduction
Definition
process in which a cell perceives a signal, switching on a intracellular pathway that leads to cellular responses
- shares many features with signal transduction in animal cells
Term
receptors or sensors
Definition
proteins become activated when they receive a type of signal
Term
messengers or second messengers
Definition
transmit messages to effector molecules
- calcium ions are a common one
Term
effectors
Definition
directly influene cellular response
- involve activation or repression of gene expression
- finishes when effector causes cellular response
Term
auxin
Definition
master plant hormone
- influence plant structure, development, and behavior in many ways
Term
stress hormones
Definition
help plants respond to environmetnal stresses
Term
gravitropism
Definition
growth in response to the force of gravity
Term
thigmotropism
Definition
touch reponses
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
they respond to light absorption by switching on signal transduction
Term
long- day plants
Definition
flower in spring or early summer, when the night period is shorter
Term
short-day plants
Definition
flower only when the night length is longer than a defined period such as in late summer, fall, or winter, when days are shorter
Term
day-neutral plants
Definition
flower regardless of the night length, as long as day length meets the minimal requirements for plant growth
Term
phytochromes
Definition
red adn far-red-light receptors
Term
nutrient
Definition
beneficial substance metabolized by or incorporated into an organism
Term
essential nutrients
Definition
substances needed by plants in order to complete their reproductive cycle
Term
macronutrients
Definition
required in amounts of at least 1g/kg of plant dry matter
Term
micronutrients
Definition
required in amounts at or less than 0.1g/kg
Term
nitrate
Definition
the most common form most fixed nitrogen that enters plants
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