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August Comte’s idea that human knowledge has progressed through three different ways of knowing. 1. At first, people relied on tradition and religion to explain the world. 2. Later, they started using philosophy and reason. 3. Finally, people began using science. Each of the three types of knowing answers different questions—we can’t expect science to tell us the meaning of life anymore than we can expect religion to explain how cars work.
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Ideas, values, and goals that people share. The smaller a society and the more alike the members are, the greater the collective conscious.
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Group unity based on shared interests and goals. Solidarity can be mechanical or organic. |
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Solidarity among people with similar goals and lifestyles. |
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Solidarity among people with different goals and lifestyles who depend on each other to get things accomplished. |
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Gemeinschaft Relationship |
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Relationships entered into for their own sake, like friendships. |
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| Gesellschaft Relationships |
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Relationships entered as means to an end, like choosing a contractor. |
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According to Weber, behavior that is planned and calculated, as opposed to nonrational behavior, which is not planned and is performed for its own sake. |
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| The scientific study of interaction and relations among human beings |
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*Law of 3 stages
*coined term "sociology" |
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| introduced concept on the growth of rational behavior |
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believed that sociology was to be the scientifit study of social facts.
created: Organic Solidarity and Mechanical Solidarity |
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Manners of acting,thinking, and feeling external to the individual. Social facts compel people to act in certain ways
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The idea that the fittest individuals rise to the top of society, the least fit fall to the bottom, and nothing should be done to interfere with this situation. If someone starves to death because they can’t afford food, for example, it’s because they were less fit and deserved to die. This theory has been rejected by modern sociologists, but was popular in the 1800s and later with the Nazis.
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| Society = Conflict ridden but Marx overlooked Imp. of Race |
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2 distinct classes
1. Bourgeoisie
people who own the means of production in modern society, the capitalists
2. proletariat
people who survive in modern society by selling their labor to the Bourgeoisie (laborers) |
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| the idea that in life people persue their own ends |
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| the ability to look beyond personal troubles and see the larger troubles in society |
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| Social systems classify certain races to be a certain way, and the individuals of the race end up acting the way they are expected to socially, unintentionally |
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| Indivdualistic bias, prevents us from discovering the some of our worst problems are the result of social forces |
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| trouble you bring upon yourself depending on what you did or didn't do. |
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| What is intended and obvious consequences |
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| what is unintended and frequently hidden consequences |
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| questioning common ideas of beliefs |
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| Werner Heisenberg, Uncertainty principle |
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1927 - Heisenberg's idea that the very act of observing phenomena changes those phenomena
ex: meteor strikes |
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Sensitive dependence on initial conditions
ex; global warming. a little bit now, will turn into a lot later on |
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Approach to the study of Society that focuses on relationships between social structures and institutions rather than between individuals
ex: rich - poor |
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Approach to the study of society that focuses on the mature of people's interactions within particular groups
ex; racism |
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| Rejected Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. he was not comfortable with fuzzy objects |
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| Model of the social world that assume that how people act depends on how they see and evaluate reality. |
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| Ludwid Wittgenstein on fuzzy objects |
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| Fuzzy objects: those things that are difficult or even impossible to define exactly |
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| Model of social world that assumes that society is composed of people or groups who are in competition for scarce resources. |
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| the tendency to use ones own culture as a standard against which to judge other people's cultures |
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Based on observation of expirence: capable of being refined by observation or experiment of something is not empirical, it is not being studied
observations through the use of ones physical senses. |
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| Whole set of feelings about being in an alien setting and the resulting reactions |
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Killing off of race
ex: holocaust |
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The belief that people can only be understood in the content of their own culture
Ex: traveling to other other countries & adapting to their ways |
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| Max Weber (inconvenient facts) |
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| those facts that go against what we want to think in true; especially those facts that go against our political beliefs |
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| Cultural relativism can only be understood by peoples ways and how they do things |
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| "Culture shock" how difficult it can be to avoid being ethnocentric |
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Facts that you can measure of test
ex: height or weight |
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| a variable that is thought to be influenced by another variable. the outcome of your experiments |
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| the belief that other people and their ways of doing things can be understood by understanding their culture. |
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| Variable that can be observed and measured by listing the variables attributes |
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identifying 2 variables of interest and posit a relationship between them
Ex: Gander affects occupation
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Age affects income |
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| variable believes to influence another variable (cause variable) |
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| a characteristic that describes a thing |
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| the relationship between two variables either going in the same direction (positive correlation) or opposite direction (Negative Correlation) |
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| Research through general numbers using large population |
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| Research of human beings and behavior, also, meaning of nature |
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| Close-ended questions that are categorized in a matrix pattern |
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| The effect that researchers play on their subjects during an experiment. Reactive effect to research |
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| type of people in a given region |
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| particular research technique in which a researcher directly observes the behavior of individuals in their usual social environments |
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very deverse
ex: population |
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| unobtrusive research used to gain facts about culture |
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