Details Title: core concepts chapters 1-6 Description: deffinition of words in Core concepts book and notes on important people. Total Flash Cards: 57 Created: 09/20/2009 14:19:22		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Sociology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term August Comte Definition Coined term "Sociology"   Term law of 3 stages Definition   August Comte’s idea that human knowledge has progressed through three different ways of knowing. 1.  At first, people relied on tradition and religion to explain the world.  2. Later, they started using philosophy and reason. 3.  Finally, people began using science.  Each of the three types of knowing answers different questions—we can’t expect science to tell us the meaning of life anymore than we can expect religion to explain how cars work.   Term Collective Conscious Definition  Ideas, values, and goals that people share. The smaller a society and the more alike the members are, the greater the collective conscious.   Term solidarity Definition Group unity based on shared interests and goals. Solidarity can be mechanical or organic. Term Mechanical Solidarity Definition Solidarity among people with similar goals and lifestyles. Term Organic Solidarity Definition Solidarity among people with different goals and lifestyles who depend on each other to get things accomplished. Term Gemeinschaft Relationship Definition Relationships entered into for their own sake, like friendships. Term Gesellschaft Relationships Definition Relationships entered as means to an end, like choosing a contractor. Term Rational Behavior Definition According to Weber, behavior that is planned and calculated, as opposed to nonrational behavior, which is not planned and is performed for its own sake. Term Sociology Definition The scientific study of interaction and relations among human beings Term Auguste Comte  Definition *Law of 3 stages *coined term "sociology" Term Max Weber Definition introduced concept on the growth of rational behavior Term Emile (A-meal) Durkheim Definition believed that sociology was to be the scientifit study of social facts. created: Organic Solidarity and Mechanical Solidarity Term Social Facts Definition Manners of acting,thinking, and feeling external to  the individual. Social facts compel people to act in certain ways       Term Hebert Spencer Definition   The idea that the fittest individuals rise to the top of society, the least fit fall to the bottom, and nothing should be done to interfere with this situation. If someone starves to death because they can’t afford food, for example, it’s because they were less fit and deserved to die. This theory has been rejected by modern sociologists, but was popular in the 1800s and later with the Nazis.   Term W.E.B DuBois Definition Society = Conflict ridden but Marx overlooked Imp. of Race Term karl Marx Definition 2 distinct classes 1. Bourgeoisie people who own the means of production in modern society, the capitalists 2. proletariat people who survive in modern society by selling their labor to the Bourgeoisie (laborers) Term Individualism Definition the idea that in life people persue their own ends Term Sociological Imagination Definition the ability to look beyond personal troubles and see the larger troubles in society Term institutional racism Definition Social systems classify certain races to be a certain way, and the individuals of the race end up acting the way they are expected to socially, unintentionally Term Social Forces  Definition Indivdualistic bias, prevents us from discovering the some of our worst problems  are the result of social forces Term Personal trouble Definition trouble you bring upon yourself depending on what you did or didn't do. Term manifest Definition What is intended and obvious consequences  Term Latent Definition what is unintended and frequently hidden consequences  Term Skepticism Definition questioning common ideas of beliefs Term Werner Heisenberg, Uncertainty principle Definition 1927 - Heisenberg's idea that the very act of observing phenomena changes those phenomena   ex: meteor strikes Term Chaos theory Definition Sensitive dependence on initial conditions ex; global warming. a little bit now, will turn into a lot later on Term Macrosociology Definition Approach to the study of Society that focuses on relationships between social structures and institutions rather than between individuals ex: rich - poor Term Micosociology Definition Approach to the study of society that focuses on the mature of people's interactions within particular groups ex; racism Term Albert Einstein Definition Rejected Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. he was not comfortable with fuzzy objects Term Symbolic Interaction Definition Model of the social world that assume that how people act depends on how they see and evaluate reality. Term Ludwid Wittgenstein on fuzzy objects Definition Fuzzy objects: those things that are difficult or even impossible to define exactly Term Conflict Definition Model of social world that assumes that society is composed of people or groups  who are in competition for scarce resources. Term Ethnocentrism Definition the tendency to use ones own culture as a standard against which to judge other people's cultures Term Empirical Definition Based on observation of expirence: capable of being refined by observation or experiment of something is not empirical, it is not being studied    observations through the use of ones physical senses. Term Culture Shock Definition Whole set of feelings about being in an alien setting and the resulting reactions Term Genocide Definition Killing off of race ex: holocaust Term Culture Relativity  Definition The belief that people can only be understood in the content of their own culture Ex: traveling to other other countries & adapting to their ways Term Max Weber (inconvenient facts)  Definition those facts that go against what we want to think in true; especially those facts that go against our political beliefs  Term Cultural Context Definition Cultural relativism can only be understood by peoples ways and how they do things Term Napoleon Changnon Definition "Culture shock" how difficult it can be to avoid being ethnocentric Term Observable facts  Definition Facts that you can measure of test ex: height or weight Term Dependent Variable Definition a variable that is thought to be influenced by another variable. the outcome of your experiments Term Cultural Relativism Definition the belief that other people and their ways of doing things can be understood by understanding their culture. Term Operational defintions Definition Variable that can be observed and measured by listing the variables attributes Term Hypotheses Definition identifying 2 variables of interest and posit a relationship between them Ex: Gander affects occupation or  Age affects income Term independent variable Definition variable believes to influence another variable (cause variable) Term Attribute Definition a characteristic that describes a thing Term Directionality  Definition the relationship between two variables either going in the same direction (positive correlation) or opposite direction (Negative Correlation) Term Quantitative Research Definition Research through general numbers using large population Term Qualitative Research Definition Research of human beings and behavior, also, meaning of nature Term Matrix Questions Definition Close-ended questions that are categorized in a matrix pattern  Term Hawthorne Effect Definition The effect that researchers play on their subjects during an experiment. Reactive effect to research Term Demographics  Definition type of people in a given region  Term Field Research Definition particular research technique in which a researcher directly observes the behavior of individuals in their usual social environments  Term Heterogeneity Definition very deverse ex: population Term accretion Measures Definition unobtrusive research used to gain facts about culture