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Constraints on Motor Control and Motor Learning
Test I
71
Physiology
Graduate
07/04/2011

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Cards

Term
Objective findings of pathology
Definition
Signs
Term
Subjective reports perceived by the patient
Definition
Symptoms
Term
Name 3 ways to classify impairments associated with CNS lesion.
Definition
1. Signs vs. symptoms
2. Positive (abnormal reflexes, spasticity) vs. Negative (paresis) signs and symptoms
3. Primary (paresis, spasticity) vs. secondary (tendon tightness, decreased ROM) effects
Term
A major factor contributing to motor dyscontrol in patients with CNS lesions.
Definition
Sensory/Perceptual
Term
Somatosensory deficits: What will a lesion to the DCML of the spinal cord result in?
Definition
Loss of discriminative touch, light touch, and kinesthesia
Term
Somatosensory deficits: What will a lesion to the anterolateral of the spinal cord result in?
Definition
Loss of pain, temperature, coarse touch, and kinesthesia
Term
What will result from a somatosensory cortex lesion (MCA, CVA)?
Definition
Loss of discriminative senses (proprioception, 2 pt discrimination, stereognosis, and touch localization)
Term
Name 4 primary visual deficits when the primary sensory system is impaired.
Definition
1. Depth perception
2. Visual fields
3. Acuity
4. Occulomotor Control
Term
This contributes to conscious sense of orientation in space, information used to gauge stabilization, posture, and balance, and information about head movements and position with reference to gravity.
Definition
Vestibular System
Term
Name 3 deficits to the vestibular system
Definition
1 Altered/diminished gaze stabilization
2 Altered posture and postural control
3 Vertigo and dizziness
Term
The integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
Definition
Perception
Term
The inability to perceive and integrate stimuli on one side of the body (CVA)
Definition
Unilateral neglect
Term
Having a decreased awareness of body parts and their relationship to each other and to the environment
Definition
Body image / body scheme disorders
Term
This disorder causes difficulty perceiving oneself in relation to other objects, other objects in relation to self, and objects in relation to each other.
Definition
Spatial Relation Disorder
Term
A person with this disorder will have problems with their position in space (over, under, beside, etc) as well as figure ground discrimination
Definition
Spatial Relation Disorders
Term
Name 1 spatial relation disorder
Definition
Apraxia
Term
The inability to carry out purposeful movement in the presence of intact sensation, movement ability and coordination. (pt w/ left brain damage)
Definition
Apraxia
Term
Name 5 primary cognitive system impairments
Definition
1. Attention
2. Orientation
3. Memory
4. Problem Solving
5. Arousal and Level Consciousness
Term
The inability to focus on specific stimulus without being distracted.
Definition
Attention
Term
__ to task and motivation are critical for motor learning.
Definition
Attention
Term
Decreased understanding of person, place, time, situation.
Definition
Orientation
Term
Decreased ability to process, store, and retrieve information
Definition
Memory
Term
The decreased ability to manipulate and apply knowledge to new or unfamiliar situations
Definition
Problem Solving
Term
The decreased ability to understand problems, generate solutions, and evaluate solutions
Definition
Problem Solving
Term
You must be alert to respond to stimuli in environment. Motor behavior is heavily dependent on __
Definition
Arousal
Term
Name the top 4 primary neuromuscular impairments.
Definition
Muscle Weakness
Coordination Problems
Involuntary Movements
Abnormalities of muscle tone
Term
The inability to generate normal levels of force
Definition
Muscle weakness
Term
Total or severe loss of muscle activity
Definition
Paralysis or plegia
Term
Mild or partial loss of muscle activity
Definition
Paresis
Term
Results from a lesion in the descending motor paths - inability to recruit and/or modulate motor neurons
Definition
Muscle weakness
Term
Name 3 neural aspects of force production
Definition
1. Number of motor units recruited
2. Type of motor units recruited
3. Discharge Frequency
Term
Name some musculoskeletal aspects of force production
Definition
with prolonged paresis, secondary changes occur in muscle tissue (atrophy of type 1 and type 2 fibers)
Term
The capacity to generate force in an isolated muscle does not predict that muscle's ability to work with other muscles in what way?
Definition
a task-specific way
Term
Sequencing, timing, and grading of activation of multiple muscle groups for movement
Definition
Coordination
Term
Movements that are awkward, uneven, or inaccurate
Definition
Incoordination
Term
Due to lesions in motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and proprioceptive system. Can be influence by peripheral factors such as changes in muscle tissue, tendons.
Definition
Incoordination
Term
Unnecessary movements in joints and muscles not typically involved in the movement task
Definition
Sequencing Problems
Term
Name 3 types of sequencing problems
Definition
1. Abnormal synergies
2. Coactivation
3. Impaired interjoint coordination
Term
Movement decomposition or movement at one joint at a time
Definition
Impaired interjoint coordination
Term
Problems initiating movement (reaction time) or slowed movement time (execution)
Definition
Timing Problems
Term
Name 4 pathologies that might result in timing problems
Definition
Parkinsons
CVA
CP
Cerebellar
Term
Timing problems may be due to what 7 things?
Definition
1. Inadequate Force Generation (weakness)
2. Decreased rate of force generation
3. Insufficient ROM
4. Decreased motivation
5. Abnormal Postural Control
6. Cognitive Factors
7. Altered Sensory Input
Term
What lesion will lead to problems terminating a movement?
Definition
Cerebellar
Term
Problems terminating a movement may be due to what 4 things?
Definition
1. Inability to stop muscle contraction or control force
2. Cognitive factors
3. Sensory deficits
4. Poor postural control
Term
The inability to scale forces, problems judging distance or range
Definition
Dysmetria
Term
Name 2 types of dysmetria
Definition
Hypo/Hyper metria
Term
Name 2 lesions that will result in dysmetria
Definition
BG
Cerebellar
Term
Involuntary, sustained muscle contractions, frequently causing twisting and repetitive movements and abnormal postures
Definition
Dystonia
Term
Unintentional movement of one limb during voluntary movement of another (CVA)
Definition
Associated Movement
Term
Rhythmical, involuntary oscillatory movement of a body part (resting tremor (PD)) (intension tremor (cerebellum))
Definition
Tremor
Term
Slow, involuntary writhing and twisting
Definition
Athletoid
Term
Involuntary, abrupt, rapid, irregular, jerky movements
Definition
Choreiform
Term
Abnormalities to muscle tone are caused be lesion/disrupton of input (excitatory or inhibitory) to what?
Definition
Alpha Motor Neurons
Term
Increased resistance to passive movement
Definition
Hypertonicity
Term
Spasticity is velocity dependent usually occurs in patients who are post CVA with what 4 things?
Definition
CP
TBI
SCI
MS
Term
Rigidity is velocity independent can be referred to as lead pipe or cogwheel. What type of pts may have this?
Definition
Parkinsons
Term
Decreased resistance to passive movement.
Definition
Hypotonia
Term
Name 2 pathologies with hypotonia
Definition
Down's Syndrome
Spinocerebellar Lesions
Term
Complete loss of tone, no resistance to movement. Seen in patients with neural shock, or peripheral nerve injury
Definition
Flaccidity
Term
A motor disorder characterized by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflex with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyper-excitability of the tonic stretch reflex, as one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome
Definition
Spasticity
Term
Damage to the descending motor pathway can result in what?
Definition
1. Increase alpha motor neuron excitability
2. Increase in muscle tone, exaggerated stretch reflex
Term
Loss of descending inhibition, denervation supersensitivity, shortening of motor neuron dendrites, or collateral sprouting of dorsal root afferents
Definition
Increase in alpha motor neuron excitability
Term
When you damage a descending motor pathway you can get increase in muscle tone and exaggerated stretch reflex. This can cause changes in what or gain what?
Definition
Changes in threshold and/or gain of stretch reflex
Term
Can cause an inability to recruit motor neurons (paresis), abnormal reciprocal inhibition, dyssynergia - these may cause more "motor control" problems and function limitations than "spasticity" or hypertonicity
Definition
Damage to descending motor pathway
Term
Name 3 approached to treating spasticity
Definition
1. Sensory Stimulation
2. Biomechanic Approach
3. Positioning
Term
Name 4 sensory stimulation techniques to manage spasticity.
Definition
1. Ice
2. vibration
3. Quick stretch
4. Approximation
Term
Name 3 biomechanic approached to spasticity
Definition
1. Splints
2. Casts
3. Orthosis
Term
Does the biomechanic approach to spasticity change the muscle tone or improve function?
Definition
No it improves ROM
Term
Name 4 surgical approaches to spasticity management?
Definition
Muscle
Peripheral Nerve
Spinal Cord
Brain
Term
Name 2 effects that come from treating spasticity orally
Definition
Generalized and side effects
Term
Name 3 local pharmacological approaches to spasticity
Definition
1. Intrathecal Baclofen
2. BoTox
3. Phenol
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