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| created by James Locklove, views earth as living organism, earth changes, recovers and grows |
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| created by Arne Naess, harmony exists between mans activity and nature, nature has intrisic value (not just material value as resources) |
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| attempt to negotiate 'environmental bill of rights' |
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| a plan for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century; proposes poverty can be reduced by giving people access to resources needed to support themselves |
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| characeristics of impacts on vegetation |
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Definition
| severity of impact, type/nature of impact, length of time of impact, repeated/cyclical impact |
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| anthropogenic impacts on vegetation affect |
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Definition
| soils and erosion, regional climates, geomorphic processes, quality and quantity of water resources, critters |
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| reflect absence of human impacts; what is natural now? |
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| continued and repeated disturbance with no intentional species replacement; ex. roadsides |
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| irregular/sporadic disturbances |
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| repeated disturbances plus intentional species replacement; ex agriculture |
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| developed when humans modify the ambient climate and soil; ex greenhoues cultivation |
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fire/fire supression
grazing
deforestation
desertification
species introductions
climate modification |
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Definition
31% of land surface (29% in US)
most exploited type of vegetation=fuel, construction materials, recreation
carry out photosynthesis (1 acre of christmas trees=oxygen for 18 people) |
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| release more carbon than absorb |
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| soak up more carbon than emit |
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Definition
introduced by Gifford Pinchot, managing forest to simultaneously provide more than 1 of the following resource objectives:
fish and wildlife
wood products
recreation
aesthetics
grazing
watershed protection
historic/scientific values |
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| moisture, other factors include temperature, disturbance, symbiotic relationships |
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| relatively slow, fewer leaves/roots, reduction in PSN ability, wide annual ring but total biomass added small |
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| increase in growth rate and increase in size, increase in leaves/roots, increase in height-crown reaches canopy/released from competition |
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| reduction in growth rate, larger diamter-more biomass area with each ring, most trees senesce with large biomass requiments |
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common and necessary
cyclic disturbances: help thin forests, release stored nutrients, assists in reproduction |
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| how long human fire in forests? |
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Definition
| 600-700 years to 1.4 million |
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Definition
clear forest from land
improve graze lands
drive game
repel enemies/protect settlements |
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Definition
prescribed burns
vandalism |
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Definition
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| natural ignition fire causes? |
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Definition
lightning
spontaneous combustion |
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| 2 important aspects of fire disturbance? |
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Definition
| frequency and magnitude/severity |
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aka fire rotation,
most naturally ignited fire cyclical
tied to: fuel load/accumulation, fuel moisture, ignition source |
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| tundra fire rotation cycle? |
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Definition
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| boreal forest fire rotation? |
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Definition
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| spruce forest fire rotation? |
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| chaparral forest fire rotation? |
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| semi-arid grassland and prarie fire rotation? |
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| deciduous forest fire rotation? |
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Definition
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| ground fire characteristics |
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Definition
lower temperature
combustion in organic matter and soil surface litter |
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| surface fire characteristics |
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Definition
burn herbaceous/woody litter in understory
faster and hotter
may clear away all lower vegetation |
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| crown fire characteristics |
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Definition
very hot and catastrophic
burns through tree tops and most aboveground vegetation
usually longer recovery time
may create local climate (firestorm) |
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Definition
thick bark
self pruning (keeps fire from ascending trunk) |
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Definition
nutrient release
competitive release
reduces insect infested stands
reduces competition
resets succession
promotes spatial heterogeneity
modifies energy balance at surface
increased water availability |
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Term
| forest fire policy prior to 1972 USFS and NPS |
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Definition
fight ALL fires (manmade or natural)
smokey bear perpsective |
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Definition
let-burn policy
let naturally ignited fires burn if time and location is OK
prescribed burns only when conditions suitable |
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| fire effects on wildlife? |
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Definition
increase in diversity of habitats and species
increase in soft browse in burned areas
gradual increase in plant and animal species for 25 years
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Definition
greatest during and immediatly after
smoldering
evening/night temperature inversion
decrease in insolation from aerosols
air quality affected for 100s of miles |
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Term
| deforestation rate for temperate forests? |
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Definition
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| deforestation rate for savanna/deciduous forest? |
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| deforestation rate for tropical evergreen forest? |
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| fastest current rate of deforestation |
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Definition
| philippines, indonesia, thailand, australia, central america, madagascar, western africa, eastern amazonia |
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| traditional practices in tropical rainforest cutting? |
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Definition
slash/burn
trees girdled
some trees left (cover over agricultural crop)
cash crops
farming
fields fallow for periods |
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Term
| other caueses of deforestation? |
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Definition
cattle ranching
cash crops
commercial logging |
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Term
| effects of deforestation? |
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Definition
habitat loss
fragmentation
introduction of edges |
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Term
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Definition
1/2 worlds wood
3-7 million plants and animal species
unexplored potential of biochemicals/pharmaceuticals |
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1/3 from anthropogenic deforestation
90% current net release |
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Definition
loss of transpiring leaves
forest-->atmoshpere-->forest
amazon generates 2x rainfall accounted for by air mass movement alone
decrease in rainfall-->drier climate-->less growth
less surface cover-->increae in light-->increase in temp
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| secondary rainforest characteristics? |
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Definition
40% of all tropical rainforets
stressful settings
smaller average sized trees
uniform spacing and age structure
species poor
light demanding/shade intolerant |
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Definition
transitional between forest and grassland
frequent burning
controversy: natural climatic climax? |
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| derived savanna formative factors? |
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Definition
predisposing factors (climate)
causal factors (geomorphology)
resulting factors (lateritic soils-edaphic effect)
maintaning factors (fire) |
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