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consc, s&p, testing, L&R, attention, memory
N/A
161
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/18/2009

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Term
CONSCIOUSNESS
Definition
Term
how does consciousness fit into psch?
Definition
2 components of consciousness: contents and level. they differentiate between doing things consciously and unconsciously. monists and dualists, structuralists (wundt), fucntionalists (james), subconscious (freud)
Term
consciousness
Definition
moment to moment awareness of external and internal worlds; the subjective experience of the world and mental activity; reflectiong on one's current thoughts or surroundings
Term
qualia
Definition
percepts of the worlds. hard to study because consciousness is subjective and cant see internal info
Term
coma
Definition
person who has sleep/wake ccles but don't respond to their surroundings
Term
what part of the brain is cut for split-brain patients
Definition
corpus collosum
Term
sperry diagram
Definition
right hemisphere controlls left arm and left hemisphere interprets what is seen in the right visual field. left arm grabs for something unseen. Person doesn't know why they grabbed what they grabbed, so their brain fills in the gaps and makes up a connection to what is seen on the right side and what they grabbed that relates to the left.
Term
why is the left side the interpreter?
Definition
the left side interprets the right, since the right isn't able to articulate what it has seen
Term
split brain patients shows what 3 things about the brain and consciousness
Definition
division of labor (localization of functioning) in brain, nonconscious processing (not subconscious), and the mind fills gaps
Term
nonconscious processing
Definition
menal events that occur outside of consciousness (not the same as freuds subconscious). Has two parts- automatic (outside of awareness, like driving a car which becomes natural and you don't notice you're doing it) and controlled (controlling active movements). The more often you do nonconscious processing and those things are fired, the more space is made to do new things
Term
Bargh, Chen, and Burrows (1996) with nonconscious effects on behaviors that most describe as purposeful/intentional
Definition
unscramble sentences study- mujch of our behavior occurs without our awareness or attention, such as rude sentences lead to rude behavior; or old-based sentences slow the speed of walking of participants.
Term
what else does nonconscious processing impact?
Definition
mood, motivation, competiveness, speed of walking, aggressiveness, perception of others
Term
when can consciously thinking undermine good decision-making?
Definition
verbal overshadowing- how talking it out changes perception!!
Term
how to measure sleep
Definition
eye movement, muscle tension, electrical activit in brain (measured by EEG), cameras to watch bod movements
Term
Presleep
Definition
not a sleep stage, alpha waves, brain slows down, bod relaxes
Term
STAGE 1- light sleep
Definition
easily awakened, body jerks, daydreaming, THETA WAVES, fantastical images of geometric shapes, sensations that you are falling or your limbs are jerking
Term
STAGE 2- light sleep
Definition
sleep spindles- burts of BETA WAVES
Term
STAGE 3- slow wave sleep
Definition
DELTA WAVES appear
Term
STAGE 4- slow wave sleep
Definition
DELTA WAVES DOMINATE
Term
REM SLEEP
Definition
Rapid Eye Movement- intense brain activity (dreaming, sleep paralysis, REM periods get longer as night progresses
Term
cycle order
Definition
1,2,3,4,3,2, REM. 1-2 is about 90 minutes
Term
why we sleep
Definition
Evolutionary/Circadian Rhythms- sleep while predators are around (go to bed and wake up at same time).
Restoration Model- sleep helps restore brain and body tissue (exercise and keep bed for sleeping/sex every day)
Mental Consolidation- neuronal connections that serve as the basis for new learning is strenghtened during sleep
Term
how do we sleep?
Definition
optic nerve detects light, suprachasmatic nucleus tells pineal gland to release melatonin (and visa versa)
Term
major theories of dreams
Definition
Freud- dreams are manifest content to the person but latent content is the real meaning
Hobson- Activation-Synthesis theory- pons/amygdala release patterns and the mind interprets these patterns
Term
what is hypnosis?
Definition
social interaction during which a person experiences a change in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action
Term
who can be hypnotized?
Definition
people who are highly suggestible and have rich imaginations, also those who believe in hypnosis
Term
sociocognitive theory of hypnosis
Definition
people behave as they would expect to behave in hypnosis- it's not real
Term
does hypnosis help with pain?
Definition
yes- helps with dealing with pain as well as recovery from surgery
Term
concentrative meditaion
Definition
meditation where you concentrate on breathing, and image, or a phrase
Term
mindfulness meditation
Definition
meditation where you let your thoughts flow freely
Term
what does evidence show about hte relationship between meditation and cognitive processes like attention?
Definition
metitation helps with attention, stress reductions, and ignoring distractions
Term
what is the ingredient in marijuana?
Definition
THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, which results in an uplifted mood, relaxed or happy state
Term
how does marijuana affect consciousness
Definition
perceptions more vivid, affects taste, relaxed mental state, uplifted mood
Term
cocaine and crack cocaine
Definition
affect dopamine= inhipits reuptake, feel good, excited, alert, awake, social. Leads to paranoia, psychotic behavior, and violence
Term
methamphetamine
Definition
dopamine- inhibit reuptake AND increases production
Term
ecstacy
Definition
less dopamine and more serotonin, leads to memory loss, difficulty doing complex tasks, and depression when drug wears off
Term
opiates
Definition
heroine, codine, morphine. works on opiate receptors and dopamine receptors
Term
alcohol abuse- problems and 4 factors
Definition
car accidents, violence, unwatned sexual experiences, STDs
1-power 2-sex 3- risk 4- responsibilities
Term
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Definition
Term
sensation
Definition
things we see and measure, sensory organs reespont to an external stimuli and send it to the brain (aka transduction)
Term
perception
Definition
processing, organization, and interpretation of the sensory signals- results in an internal representation of stimulus
Term
signal detection theory
Definition
detecting a stimulus requires making a judgment about it's presence or absense
Term
hit
Definition
presented and detected
Term
miss
Definition
presented and not detected
Term
miss
Definition
presented and not detected
Term
false alarm
Definition
not presented and detected
Term
correct rejection
Definition
not presented and not detected
Term
response bias
Definition
detecting tendency in ambiguous trial
Term
sensory adaptation
Definition
decrease in sensitivity due to constant stimulation
Term
six senses
Definition
vision, hearing, smelling(olfaction), tasting(gestation), touching, and propriception (internal body analysis)
Term
transduction
Definition
sensory receptors convert stimulus into neural impluse
Term
sight
Definition
cornea (adjusts to light)-lens-refracts image upside down on retina-optic nerve- occiptial lobe
rods- darkness and motion on sides
cones- fine detail and color close to center
short waves- blue
medium- green
long-red
TRICHROMATIC THEORY
Term
hearing
Definition
ear canal-eardrum-osacles vibrate-cochlea fluid vibrates-receptor cells- brain
loudness (more hairs bend), pitch (fluid waves peak earlier)
Term
smelling (olfaction)
Definition
nasal passage-olfactory epithelium-nasal cavity fluids-receptor cells-olfactory nerve-frontal cortex and amygdala
Term
taste
Definition
receptor cells-medulla-thalamus-cotrex
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
Term
touch
Definition
receptor cells-thalamus-somatosensory cortex
pressure, temperature, pain (myelinated=fast, nonmyelinated=slow)
Term
blind spot
Definition
spall point at the optic nerve where there are no rods and cones
Term
trichromatic theory
Definition
short wavelength- blue
medium wavelength- green
long wavelength- red
Term
opponent-process theory
Definition
not true- says opposing colors (red and green) can fire at the same time
Term
dual process theory
Definition
cones are specialized- small, medium, and large, and ganglion cells are speicalized
Term
I brain psychology
i heart psychology
Definition
perception occurs in the brain, not the heart
Term
Gestalt principle of proximity
Definition
the closer two figures are, the more likely we group them together
Term
Gestalt principle of simliarity
Definition
the more simliar two figures are, the more likely we will group them together
Term
Gestalt principle of continuation
Definition
we perceive lines as being continuous even if they are interrupted
Term
Gestalt principle of closure
Definition
we complete figures that have gaps
Term
perceptula sstem is acting as a judge..?
Definition
our perceptual system uses cues to make conclusions
top-down processing= context affects perception
Term
linear perspective
Definition
parallel lines appear to converge
Term
occlusion
Definition
a near object occludes (blocks) an object that is far away
Term
familiar size
Definition
we know how large familiar objects are, so we can tell how far away they are by the size of their retinal images
Term
relative size
Definition
far off objects project smaller retinal images than close objects do
Term
texture gradient
Definition
closer shows uniformity, further away makes it more densely packed
Term
position relative to horizon
Definition
closer to horizon is further away
Term
brain uses binocular cues
Definition
brain uses two images produced by each eyes to compute distances
Term
carpentered versus uncarpentered worlds
Definition
uncarpentered worlds shows little experience with 2D, and will see lines below as equal
<--->
>---< THIS IS MUELLER-LYER ILLUSION
Term
Ames Room
Definition
windows and floor tiles are crooked on a ramp to make kids shrink and grow at the same time
Term
Ponzo Illusion
Definition
two horizontal lines appear to be different sizes but are the same

/\
------
/ \
/ \
------
/ \
Term
horizontal/vertical illusion
Definition
horizontal lines appear shorter than vertical lines
l
l
l
-------
Term
V.S. Ramachandran with phantom limb pain
Definition
mirror
Term
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
Definition
Term
psychological testing goal
Definition
methods for measuring psychological constructs
Term
intelligence tests
Definition
SAT, IQ
Term
interest tests
Definition
tests about interests
Term
achievement tests
Definition
test about accomplishments
Term
objective tests
Definition
no interpretation, no coding to grade by, straight forward multiple choice or number scale testing
Term
projective tests
Definition
Rorshek Tests (ink blot) and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)- subjective process, involves interpretation for answer
Term
construct validity
Definition
sees if the psychology test meaures what it's supposed to be measuring (as in what topic is the test over)
Term
content validity
Definition
does it capture ALL the content- as in equal questions of chapter 1-3 not just 1
Term
face validity
Definition
does it seem like it masures construct? as in does it ask questions about the right topic?
Term
convergent validity
Definition
does one test represent the grade on another similar test? (SAT and IQ) if there's good evidence on both, it's doing it's job with good construct validity
Term
discriminant validity
Definition
diverges from construgt that doesn't relate, so results don't match up with a test that doesn't relate
Term
what are test makers concerned about when they are concerned with reliability of tests
Definition
consistency/reliability, stability of time/situation, items (questions), raters/graders
Term
test-retest reliability
Definition
same test given twice should have the same score
scored: compares test 1 and 2
Term
internal consistency
Definition
same test in a group should have consistent answers
scored: individual items on the test
Term
interrater reliability
Definition
two observers seeing the same behavior should score consistently
scored: scores between graders/raters
Term
validity and reliability relationship
Definition
valid=reliable
reliable not equal valid
Term
what are test makers concerned about when they run an item analysis
Definition
how well individual questions contribute to validity of the test
Term
item difficulty
Definition
how hard it is to get item right, measure b proportion that answer points to construct
Term
item discrimination
Definition
how well categorizes people on the construct
Term
LEARNING AND REWARD
Definition
Term
classical conditioning
Definition
stimuli evokes natural, reflexive response (like scary movie makes heart beat faster)
Term
Unconditioned stimulus
Definition
thing we don't have a response to, what's stimulating you (dog food)
Term
Unconditioned response
Definition
the response to unconditioned stimulus (salivate)
Term
Conditoned stimulus
Definition
way you're being stimulated (bell)
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
Response to conditioned stimulus (salivate)
Term
extinction
Definition
conditioned response 'dies' without stimulus-conditioned stimulus response
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
recovery of contitioned response
Term
generalization
Definition
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus evokes conditioned response (a different bell)
Term
discrimination
Definition
similar stimuli can be distinguished from another (only certain tone of bell works on a dog)
Term
second-order conditioning
Definition
conditioned stimulus created because of a conditioned stimulus (hearing dentist office (conditioned stimulus) makes you think of a dentist drill (conditioned stimulus))
Term
phobia
Definition
exaggerated response by learning
Term
cure
Definition
pair phobia with no response or something pleasant
Term
Baby Albert
Definition
baby who proved phobias can be explained by classical conditioning (white rat and banging sound)
Term
biological preparedness
Definition
easier to condition a fear of a naturally fear-inducing object
Term
Garcia effect
Definition
food with sickness association
Term
classical conditioning is relatively passive
Definition
girl with beer- you think of her while you drink the beer, but you don't rush to buy the beer after seeing her ad
Term
positive reinforcement- +++
Definition
something is added and it's positive, behavior increases
Term
negative reinforcement- --+
Definition
something is taken away and it's negative, behavior increases
Term
positive punishment- +--
Definition
something is added and it's negative, behavior decreases
Term
negative punishment- -+-
Definition
something is taken away and it's positive, behavior decreases
Term
classical conditioning vs operant conditioning
Definition
classical- pairing unnatural response
operant- cause and effect
Term
fixed ratio
Definition
number of times between rewards is fixed
Term
variable ratio
Definition
number of times between reward is an average
Term
fixed interval
Definition
amount of time between reward is fixed
Term
variable interval
Definition
amount of time between rewards is average
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
rapid learning/rapid extinction
Term
partial reinforcement
Definition
slower learning/slower extinction
Term
two stage learning theory
Definition
classical conditioning of motivating response (situation paired with trauma leads to fear)
operant conditioning of avoidance response(response which escapes learned fear is reinforced by fear reduction)
Term
biological constraints to operant conditioning
Definition
animals won't do something because it is innate to them (some learning can't be explained)
Term
social learning theory
Definition
we observe to learn behaviors
Term
violence and the media
Definition
direct relationship!
Term
ATTENTION AND MEMORY
Definition
Term
inattention blindness
Definition
only attend to info that is relevant to current task at hand
Term
change blindness
Definition
failing to detect large changes in a scene
Term
why do we have blindness?
Definition
mental representation of world is sparse, and preceptual system fills in blanks on an as-needed basis
Term
encoding
Definition
like typing info, a way of putting info into brain
Term
storage
Definition
STM or LTM in a certain part of the brain
Term
retrieval
Definition
going back and getting info
Term
modal memory model
Definition
way of organizing memories
Term
sensory memory
Definition
unaltered, outside awareness, ustain sensation long enough to identify if important
Term
sperlings study about sensory memory
Definition
echoic: 3 seconds, iconic: 5 seconds
Term
working memory/short term memory
Definition
conscious work, thinking, chunks info
Term
chunking
Definition
brekaing info into digestible chunks (7 +/- 2 intems)
Term
phonolical loop
Definition
mental representations of sounds (like our inner voice) when ou repeat numbers in your head
Term
visuospatial sketchpad
Definition
visual and spatial info
Term
episodic buffer
Definition
integrates/manipulates information from the phonological and visuospatial sketchpad, integrates information about self (puts sound and visual together)
Term
central executive
Definition
directs overall action, controls the focus of attention, and integrates information in the episodic buffer
Term
serial position effect
Definition
primacy effect- better recall for words at the beginning of list (LTM)
recenty effect- better recall for words at the end fo the list (STM)
Term
H.M. and how he distinguishes between short and long term memory
Definition
henry gustav molaison, had medial temporal lobes and hippocampi removed- no new memories or STM
Term
distributed practice
Definition
studying notes every night
Term
massed practice
Definition
cramming
Term
overlearning
Definition
mastering a topic, becoming automaticity
Term
penny demo- what does it suggest about attention and memory
Definition
memory is general, not specific with details
Term
explicit memory
Definition
conscious, deliberate- can describe in words
episodic and semantic memory
Term
declarative memory
Definition
can describe it in words
Term
episodic memory
Definition
specific memories (episodes) in life
Term
semantic memory
Definition
memory like number, name
Term
implicit memory
Definition
nonconscoius, automatic (conditioning effects)
Term
what memory was damaged in HM with respect to explicit vs. implicit
Definition
implicit- procedural (new movements) and primary (new responses)
Term
examples of implicit memories
Definition
conditioning (new response), procedural memory (new motor), priming (new response)
Term
prospective memory
Definition
remembering to remember (or perform intended action)
Term
levels of processing
Definition
the deeper the encoding the more likely to remember- associating with emotion- Amygdala, procedural memory, hippocampi
setting association
mental state
any stimulus can be retreval cue!
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