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Concept 8 - Ecology
AP Biology Exam Review Guide
8
Biology
12th Grade
05/09/2013

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Term
Populations
Definition

group of individuals of same species living in same area

(size, density, distribution/dispersion)

Term

Populations

 

Habitat vs. Niche

Definition

Habitat vs. Niche

type of area an organism lives in vs. role in ecosystem

Term
Populations
Definition

competition for resources

age structure (rapid growth vs. declining vs. stable populations)

Term

Populations

 

POPULATION GROWTH

Definition
  1. Density-dependent limiting factors: competition for resources, parasites and diseases, waste products, stress, predation
  2. density independent limiting factors: climate = temperature and rainfall, natural disaster
  3. exponential growth (J-shaped, unlimited) vs. logistic growth curve (S-shaped, limited)
  4. carrying capacity = maximum population supported by habitat
  5. populations can cycle
Term
Populations
Definition

population ability to respond to changes in the environment is affected by genetic diversity

 

species and populations w/ little genetic diversity are at risk for extinction

Term

COMMUNITIES

 

 

 

 

measured and described in terms of species composition and species diversity

Definition

symbiosis = species interaction

 

MUTUALISM +/+ 

COMMENSALISM +/0 (egrets/cattle)

PARASITISM +/- (tapeworm/cow)

PREDATION +/- (carnivores/herbivores)

COMPETITION

 

Term

ECOSYSTEMS

 

 

 

free energy

Definition
  1. reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth; different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability
  2. relationship exists b/w metabolic rate per unit body mass and size of multicellular organisms - generally, smaller organism → higher the metabolic rate
  3. excess acquired free energy vs required free energy expenditure results in energy storage or growth
  4. insufficient acquired free energy vs required free energy expenditure results in loss of mass and ultimately, death of an organism
Term

ECOSYSTEMS

 

 

 

energy flow/production = energy flows through

 

90% lost at each level; 10% transferred to next level

Definition
  1. TROPHIC levels = primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, detrivores and decomposer
  2. ecological pyramids (of energy, biomass, numbers)
  3. food chains and food webs
  4. biotic and abiotic factors can both cause disruption and collapse of ecosystems
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