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Comprehensive EXAM Review 6
Social Psychology
33
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/03/2009

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Term
reinforcement theory
Definition
behavior is motivated by anticipated rewards
Term
social learning theory
Definition
behavior is learned through imitation
Term
role theory
Definition
the perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill and much of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles
Term
consistency theory
Definition
people prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes based upon this preference
Term
Heider's balance theory
Definition
Concerned with how the person we're talking about, some other person, and a thing, idea, or someone else are related. When there isn't balance there will be stress and a tendency to remove this stress by achieving balance
Term
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
Definition
the confilct that you feel when your attitudes are not in synch with your behaviors. Engaging in behavior that conflicts with an attitude may result in changing one's attitude so that it is consistent with behavior.
Term
free choice dissonance
Definition
occurs in a situation where a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives
Term
forced-compliance dissonance
Definition
occurs when an individual is forced into behaving in a manner that is inconsistent with his or her beliefs or attitudes.
Term
Bem's self-perception theory
Definition
when your attitudes about something are weak or ambiguous, you observe your own behavior and attribute an attitude to yourself.
Term
Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion
Definition
there are two routes to persuassion: the central route and peripheral route. If the issues is important it's central. If it isn't or we can't clearly hear the message it's peripheral.
Term
analogy of inoculation
Definition
people can be incoculated much the way we are for disease against the attack of persuasive communications.
Term
cultural truism
Definition
beliefs that are seldom questioned
Term
refuted conterarguments
Definition
inoculate people against persuasion by presenting arguments against the thing then refuting the arguments.
Term
belief perseverance
Definition
under certain conditions, people will hold beliefs even after they have been shown to be false.
Term
reactance
Definition
when social pressure to behave in a particular way becomes so blatant that the person's sens of freedom is threatened, the person will tend to act in a way to reassert a sense of freedom.
Term
Festinger's social comparison theory
Definition
we are drawn to affiliate because of a tendency to evaluate ourselves in relationship to others. 3 Principles:
1. people prefer to evaluate themselves by objective, nonsocial means. 2. the less the similarity of opinions and abilities between two people, the less the tendency to make these comparisons. 3. when a discrepancy exists with respect to opinions and abilities, there is a tendency to change one's position so as to move it in line with the group
Term
reciprocity hypothesis
Definition
we tend to like people who indicate that they like us and vise versa.
Term
gain-loss principle
Definition
an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact that an evaluation that remains constant.
Term
social exchange theory
Definition
a person weights the rewards and costs of interacting with another. The more the rewards outweigh the costs, the greater the attraction to the other person
Term
equity theory
Definition
we consider not only our own costs and rewards, but the costs and rewards of the other person, too. we prefer our ratio to be equal to theirs.
Term
need complementarity
Definition
people choose relationships so that they mutually satisfy each other's needs.
Term
altruism
Definition
a form of helping behavior in which the person's intent is to benefit someone else at some cost to himself or herself
Term
pluralistic ignorance
Definition
leading other to a definition of an event as a non emergency
Term
frustration-aggression hypothesis
Definition
when people are frustrated, they act aggressively.
Term
Bandura's social learning theory
Definition
aggression is learned through modeling and reinforcement.
Term
foot-in-the-door effect
Definition
compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger request
Term
door-in-the-face effect
Definition
people who refuse a large initial request are more liekly to agree to later smaller requests.
Term
primacy effect
Definition
those occasions when first impressions are more important than subsequent impressions
Term
recency effect
Definition
when more recent info is more important in forming impressions than a first meeting
Term
attribution theory
Definition
the tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people behavior. The most common is to make dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions
Term
the fundamental attribution error
Definition
the tendency to look for personality flaws in the individual rather than looking for situational influences that may have caused their behavior
Term
social loafing
Definition
a group phenomenon referring to the tendency for people to put forth less effort when part of a group effort than when acting individually.
Term
deindividuation
Definition
a loss of self-awareness and of personal identity... particularly important in the Zimbardo prison stuff
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