Term
| What are the 3 classes of living chordates? |
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Definition
| cephalochordates, urochordates, hemichordates |
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Term
| what are the three basics of chordate embryology? |
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Definition
1. fertilized egg divides via cleavage
2. cells divide in a spiral or radial pattern
3.Gastrulation (indentation forms blastopore) |
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Term
| did chordates evolve from deuterostomes or protostomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 5 common characteristics of all chordates? |
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Definition
| notochord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle, dorsal hollow nerve chord, postanal tail |
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Term
| what is involved in filter feeding, begins specialization of feeding structures, and started with cilia (later muscles) for more powerful feeding? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an iodine concentrating organ that became the thyroid gland in humans and is important for metamorphic events? |
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Definition
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Term
| what common characteristics derives from the ectogerm, develops from invagination, and is not found in protostomes? |
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Definition
| dorsal hollow nerve chord |
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Term
| urochordates,hemichordates, and cephalochordates. place these in order of development. |
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Definition
1. hemichordates (worms)
2. cephalochordates (inverted body plan)
3. Urochordates (tunicates, all 5 CC's) |
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Term
| name a group of urochordates |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 diagnostic features of vertebrates? |
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Definition
| embryological neural crest cells and epidermal placodes. These sources of cells differentiate into distinctive vertebrate structures |
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Term
| why did kidney function develop? |
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Definition
| to maintain internal electrolyte environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| larger jawless fish that were filter feeders (ex: ostracoderms scraping material off rocks) |
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Term
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Definition
| vertebrates with jaws - becoming predatorial. had cartilaginous support for pharyngeal slits (for suction) and muscle powered jaws for rapid closing. |
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Term
| name a living agnathan and give their common traits |
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Definition
| lamprey. all have 1 nostril and no bone. |
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Term
| where is bone first found? |
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Definition
| in the ostracoderms (extinct agnathans) |
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Term
| Conodonts, an extinct group of agnathans, contained dentin. what is the significance of this? |
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Definition
| dentin is is laid down by odontoblasts, which derives from neural crest cells. neural crest cells are a unique vertebrate trait, proving they were vertebrates. |
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Term
| What are some common characteristics of ostracoderms? |
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Definition
| had eyes, dentin, lateral line system, BONE, flat bodied with dermal bone plates, no jaw, beginning development of fins |
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Term
| Give some common characteristics of gnathosomes |
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Definition
| Jaw derived from pharyngeal arches, 2 sets of paired fins (anterior pectoral and posterior pelvic), these fins were supported by solid structures (bone girdles) and provided stability and control |
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Term
| Gnathosomes developed along two lines. what are they? |
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Definition
| Chondricthyes (sharks) and Teleostomi (bony fishes - largest vert group) |
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Term
| Placoderms were gnathostomes similar to the agnathan ostracoderms. How did they differ? |
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Definition
| placoderms had jaws, a bony thorax, paired pectoral and pelvic fins, developed a synarcual bone behind the head that acted as a fulcrum to lift the head |
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Term
| what are the two types of chondricthyes? |
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Definition
elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) and
holocephalans (chimaeras)
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Term
| When did chondricthyes begin to rapidly radiate? (diverge rapidly into different species) |
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Definition
| first from the devonian to the paleozoic eras, and then a second radiation beginning in the jurassic period continuing to this day |
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Term
| chondricthyes developed after ostracoderms but have no bones. what happened there? |
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Definition
| Either they lost the gene for bone or suppressed its function |
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Term
| Chondroichthyians are denser than water so tend to sink. how did they solve this problem? |
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Definition
| they developed Large livers filled with buoyant oils, pectoral fins and the heterocercal tail to supply the lift needed to keep the sharks swimming |
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Term
| briefly describe chondroicthyes reproduction. |
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Definition
| females lay few eggs with tought covering OR internal fertilization with young developing inside. Many ways to nourish the fetus including yolk, uterine wall secretions, or an umbilical chord |
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Term
| Most modern sharks are in the oceans. Where did Devonian sharks live? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rays(Batidoidimorpha) have been around since the early Jurassic. What are some of their common characteristics? |
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Definition
Pectoral fins are flattened and fused to the body and flap for propulsion,
Teeth designed to crush prey like molluscs and crustaceans
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Term
| Where are the ray's eyes and gills located? |
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Definition
Rays have full gill slits ventrally placed and eyes dorsally placed
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Term
| What is the difference between a ray and a skate? |
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Definition
| rays have no rostrum and birth live young. skates have a rostrum and lay eggs. |
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Term
| what is a living member of the holocephali? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some characteristics of holocephali? |
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Definition
| long tapering tail, gills developed operculum covering, upper jaw fused to braincase (unlike the free-moving shark jaw) |
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Term
| what group is known as the bony fishes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first teleostomi are in the group acanthodii. when did they arise and what are their common characteristics? |
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Definition
| arose in the early silurian period. they had rows of spines on top and sides. fins had prominent spines. true mouth (not agnathans). developed between chondricthyes and osteicthyes |
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Term
| Osteicthyes did not have a fatty oily liver like the chondricthyes to help with buoyancy. what did they use instead? |
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Definition
| a gas filled swim bladder |
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Term
| What is one defining characteristic of Osteicthyes? |
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Definition
| Lepidotrichia, which are slender rods in the fins to give them support |
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Term
| What are the two groups that compose osteicthyes, and which of the two is much larger in number? |
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Definition
Actinopterygians - largest group
Sarcopterygians - smaller group, but important because tetrapods evolved from them |
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Term
| What were the earliest, now extinct, true bony fish? |
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Definition
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Term
| What replaced the Palaeonisciformes as the most dominant group in the Mesozoic era? |
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Definition
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Term
| Give a few common characteristics of Toleostei |
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Definition
Homocercal tail,Circular scales without ganoine,Ossified vertebrae,Swim bladder,
Skull with complex jaw mobility for rapid capture and manipulation of food
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Term
from what group of teleostei did Tetrapod limbs evolve from?
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Definition
| sarcopterygi (their fins) |
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Term
| what are the only surviving members of Sarcopterygi? |
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Definition
| lungfishes (Dipnoi, tropical streams) and coelacanths (deep water) |
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Term
| Fish of the group Dipnoi (lungfishes) developed the ability to estivate. what does estivate mean? |
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Definition
| Can breathe air when the water is low in oxygen or when there is no water |
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Term
| The Rhipidistians were another early devonian species. what are the characteristics that make them important? |
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Definition
| They had true bony heme and neural arches, and a concentric centrum connecting the two |
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Term
| Who were the dominant freshwater predators in the late paleozoic? |
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Definition
| Rhipidistians because of a hinged brain case and better jaw. They are the root group of the tetrapods |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the first tetrapods with a change in gill structure indicating more lung use |
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Term
| Lamprey and hagfish belong to what group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a muscular limb with defined joints and digts that is the formal characteristic of tetrapods? |
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Definition
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Term
| Amphibians arose from what group of tetrapods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What group of amphibians went extinct in the late paleozoic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What group of early tetrapods started developing a true skull? |
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Definition
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Term
| When groups moved onto land, what structural changes did they undergo? |
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Definition
| more prominent vertebrae, the shoulder girdle disconnected from the skull, no internal gills |
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Term
| What are the common characteristics of lisamphibia? |
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Definition
| Pedicellate teeth, respire through the skin, have a auricular operculum |
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Term
| Aquatic newts are members of what group? |
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Definition
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Term
| Frogs, toads, and Anurans are from what group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What group does this describe - worm like caecilians, no limbs, skull is solid and compact, |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major lineages of amniotes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the common characteristics of amniotes? |
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Definition
| Temportal region of the skull, classified by number of fenestae |
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Term
| What group are the "stem" amniotes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two groups make up reptilia? |
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Definition
| parareptilia and eureptilia |
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Term
| What is the only surviving member of parareptilia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many temporal fenestra do eureptilia have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eureptilia readiated into 3 main groups, what are they? |
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Definition
| lepidosauromorpha, archosauromorpha, and eurapsida |
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Term
| name the modern descendents of lepidosaura |
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Definition
|
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Term
| name the modern members of archosauromorpha |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two groups of dinosaurs? |
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Definition
| Saurischia and ornithischia |
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Term
| When did the synapsids arise>? |
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Definition
| 300 million years ago during the carbondiferous era |
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Term
| what are the 3 major groups of synapsids |
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Definition
| Pelycosaurs, Therapsids, and mammals |
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Term
| what was the most successful group of therapsids |
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Definition
|
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Term
| give the mammalian characteristics |
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Definition
| hair and mammary glands. red blood cells lose their nucleus in circulations |
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Term
| What are all aurtherian mammals nourished by in the womb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 groups of mammals? |
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Definition
| monotremes, theria, and eutherians |
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Term
| What are the stages of embryonic development |
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Definition
| zygote, morula, blastula, gastrula, neurula, organogenesis |
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Term
| what tissue groups do each of the three embryonic layers develop into? |
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Definition
ectoderm = nervous tissue
endoderm = gi tract lining and respiritory system
mesoderm = skeletal, muscular, circulatory and connective tissues |
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