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Comparative Anatomy Vertebrates
External and Skeletal terms of vertebrates
30
Biology
Undergraduate 4
02/06/2011

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Term
Frontal and Parietal
Definition
Two main bones that encase the brain in all vertebrates starting with actinopterygii. Amphibians which have reduced skull composed of fronto-parietal
Term
Premaxilla and Maxilla
Definition
Both in the upperjaw bones of vertebrates starting with the actinopterygii. Premax is tip of upper jaw and maxilla is just behind it.
Term
placoid scales
Definition
characteristic of chondrichthyes. Rough tooth-like scales.
Term
ganoid scales
Definition
primitive actinopterygii scales.
Term
ctenoid scales and cycloid scales
Definition
characteristic of derived actinopterygii...looks like shells[ctenoid] and small round scales [cycloid]
Term
hemipenes
Definition
characteristic of lepidosauria... make copulatory organs, two on
Term
spiracles
Definition
characteristic of chondrichthyes, first gill slit, behind eye. Not true gill slit, these holes are specialzed as intake valves, water flows into them as it does the mouth and exits the gills. Important for skates and rays as their mouths arent always in right position to intake water for respiration.
Term
mandibular arch
Definition
part of jaw for chondrichthyes were teeth are embedded
Term
hyoid arch
Definition
behind the mandibular in chondrichthyes
Term
articular and quadrate bone
Definition
became two more derived ear bones in mammals [three total] articular became malleus and quadrate became incus
Term
The four characteristics [synapamorphies] of vertebrates [craniates]
Definition

1. notochord

2. post anal tail

3. vertebral column or elements

4. pharyngeal slits

Term
branchial arches
Definition
arch supports of the gills
Term
nictiting membrane
Definition
extra eyelid.
Term
tympanic membranes
Definition
external ears, see them in frogs, lizards especially
Term
feathers of bird
Definition

contour - make shape of body

down - underneath, but depends on species, age and time of year

primary - larger, closest to head

secondary - posterior region of wing

wing coverts - cover tops of primaries and secondaries

retrices - tail feathers

Term

mammal fur

 

Definition

under fur -soft underbottom

gaurd hairs - top, rough

vibrissae - whiskers

 

Term
mammal specialties
Definition

claws

hooves

nails

incisors

canines

molars

antlers

horns

Term
operculum
Definition
on bony fishes. used to prevent backflow of water into the gills
Term
heterocercal and homocercal tails
Definition

hetero -different top and bottom lobe

homo... same

Term
first two vertebrae
Definition

atlas - ring like - cradle to allow movements 

axis - second vertebrae

Term

diapsid

anapsid

synapsid

Definition

diapsid - your reptiles minus the turtles

anapsid - turtles

synapsid - mammals

Term
parts of the bird
Definition

hands have two fused digits

synacrum - one thoracic, five lumbar, two sacral, five caudal vertebrae

pygostyle - sticks out dorsal side of synacrum

tibiotarsus - right below femur

tarsometatarsus below tibiotarsus

sternum with keel -only for flight birds

unicate process of rib -strengthens ribs

furcula - clavical wishbone

 

Term
coracoid
Definition

absent in theria animals

in fish is baseis of pectoral fin

overall it is part of the pectoral girdle

Term
ischium, ilium
Definition
Term

parts of forelimbs

 

Definition

humerus

radius - near thumb

ulna - usually bigger

 

Term
parts of hindlimb
Definition

femur

fibula - next to big toe

tibia - usually bigger

Term
hallux
Definition

usually

backward pointing tarsal digit on birds

Term
sclerotic
Definition
bony ring of tiny bones, eye of birds
Term
general parts of vertebral column
Definition

cervical

thoracic- ribs

lumbar - no ribs

sacral - pelvic

caudal - tail end

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