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COMM469Y Vocab, Thinkers, & Lists
Vocab, Thinkers, Lists
66
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 3
05/16/2012

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Term
Theodicy
Definition
  • anomic experiences (suffering, evil, death etc) that tie in with social nomos (in terms of the beliefs, assumptions and meanings that ground a society)
  • helps to reconcile us to our way of living (function)
Term
How does Theodicy function?
Definition
  • to integrate anomy (disorder, suffering etc) into social experience - to give meaning to suffering; not resolution - to explain social inequities
Term
Nomos
Definition
  • a means of ordering and giving meaning to human experience - social identities, rules, and practices that must be affirmed & legitimized regularly to maintain stable communities
Term
Masochism
Definition
  • Sacrifice
  • Truth worth dying for
  • Attitude of self-sacrifice for a greater cause
  • Self-surrender to discomfort or anguish
Term
Mysticism
Definition
  • Transcending from the profane/mundane to the sacred
  • movement to a greater truth or better reality
Term
Examples of Masochism in recent history
Definition
  • Nelson Mandella “Apartheid” and his willingness to stay in prison for as long as it takes
  • Firefighters risking their lives for a greater cause; put their lives on the line willingly
  • Ghandi: starvation for a greater cause
Term
Civil Religion
Definition
  • authority of state to offer things to people who join forces (ex: payment, housing)
  • idea that temporary suffering is worth it (deny myself now for greater gain)
Term
How does Condit orient to epideictic (response to crisis)rhetoric in times of crisis?
Definition
  • Don’t be ambiguous
  • Define the event
  • Display eloquence/leadership
  • Shaping/sharing of community
Term
How does Jamieson orient to epideictic (response to crisis)rhetoric in times of crisis?
Definition
  • Sustains community
  • Rehearses values 
  • Recalls important principles
  • Restate shared ideals 
  • Rededicates audience of ideals
Term
What two parts make up the hybrid of crisis/war rhetoric?
Definition
  • Deliberative
  • Epideictic
Term
What are audience's key needs in moments of national crisis?
Definition
  • Deliberative:
    • Call for action--sacrifice?
    • Civic duty--loyalty?
    • Will we recover--the U.S.?
  • Epideictic:
    • What happened?
    • Why? why us?
    • What does this mean?
    • How do we survive?
    • How are we going to prevent another attack?
Term
Major ideological phases of modern science:
Definition
  • 17th century: Baconian (theistic)
  • 19th century: Positivists (material)
Term
"Age of Reason"
Definition
  • Emerged in contrast to the “Age of Faith”
  • Reason vs. Faith: reason not faith leads to moral/social progress
  • Salvation thru transcendent Other not viable
  • Morality no longer dependent on sacred revelation 
  • Wealthy people/Religious studied nature - science emerged
  • Reason becomes basis for knowledge
    • Knowledge - observable, testable
    • Faith - something you believe in; can’t be measured
  • Another reference: Thomas Huxley “death of God”
Term
Scientism
Definition
science is the basis of everything; “The scientific life is the only life”
Term
Scientism in The Day the Earth Stood Still:
Definition
  • When the woman is holding her rosary beads because she is reaching to religion
  • People believed science is the answer including world peace
Term
Misconceptions of science:
Definition
  • Always been attacked by religion
  • Unbiased, apolitical, independent
  • Always progressive
  • Objective and neutral
  • Separate from ethics/morality
Term
Secularization
Definition
  • The delinking of the sacred with the human world
  • Two kinds: Descriptive and Evaluative
Term
Descriptive Secularization
Definition
ex. The U.S. - we do not have a state religion; our government is officially separated from any ecclesiastical authority; do not see a link between church and state
Term
Evaluative Secularization
Definition
  • How people regard secularization
  • ex. some may think it liberating and others may think it is kicking God out of the affairs of human beings
  • good or bad
  • majority of people think of this kind when referring to secularization
Term
Objective Secularization
Definition
  • Social structural secularism
  • Removal of institutions from religious authority
  • ex. courts, education, legislation
Term
Subjective Secularization
Definition
  • Secularization of consciousness
  • Outlook on society and life "without benefit of religious interpretations"
Term
3 Stages of Society
Definition
  1. Externalization (objective)
  2. Internalization (subjective conciousness)
  3. Objectification
Term
3 Clusters of Rhetoric
Definition
  1. Burkean
  2. Quinntillian
  3. Aristotelian
Term
Burkean Cluster of Rhetoric
Definition
The use of language as symbolic meanings
Term
Quinntillian Cluster of Rhetoric
Definition
Emphasis on eloquence and character
Term
Aristotelian Cluster of Rhetoric
Definition
Focuses on technique for effective communication
Term
Rhetorical Situation
Definition
  • Exigence
  • Audience
  • Constraints
  • Purpose
Term
Elements of Descriptive Analysis
Definition
  • Purpose
  • Audience
  • Persona
  • Tone
  • Structure
  • Supporting Materials
  • Strategies
Term
"Religion" according to Berger
Definition
  • Defined in terms of the cosmos; religion provides ultimate stability!
  • Cosmos: the universe; encompasses all nature, human experience, material reality
  • “Religion...attempt to conceive of the entire universe as being humanly significant”
Term
"Religion" according to Durkheim
Definition
  • Defines it in terms of the sacred and the profane, in the community, through rituals and beliefs
Term
Religious Communication - according to Lessl
Definition
“Religious speech represents a specialized kind of symbolic transformation that may occur in any sector of the public marketplace.”
Term
Metaphor
Definition
  • Suggests new possibilities for meaning
  • Often underlie calls for moral action
  • Key vehicles for rhetorical argument
Term
Archetyps
Definition
  1. High - Low
  2. Light - Dark
  3. Disease - Remedy
  4. Inevitability - Determinism
Term
Myth
Definition
  • They teach how to live, explain identity, explain destiny & provide:
    • heightened sense of authority
    • heightened sense of continuity with the past
    • heightened sense of community
    • heightened sense of choice (dialectical struggle)
Term
Mythical Behavior
Definition
  • Connection = between ordinary & grand reality
  • Transcendence = invitation to move from ordinary to something greater
  • Ritual = (action) practices
Term
Society
Definition
Term
Berger Theory of Society
Definition
  • Human beings are different from other living elements of nature
  • Coming to maturity happens through relationships with other people
  • Society gives us organization, community, identity, ways of living

 1. Society is a process
 2. Society is ongoing, not static
 3. Society is maintained through communication, especially collective discourse

Term
How is social stability maintained according to Berger?
Definition
  1. Socialization
  2. Social Control
  3. Legitimation
  4. Plausibility
Term
American Civil Religion/Piety - Bellah
Definition
  • A collection of beliefs symbols and rituals with respect to sacred things and institutionalized in a collectivity.
  • Product of an original tension in US founding
  • 2 Ideological threads: Republicanism & Liberalism
Term
American Civil Religion/Piety - Hart & Pauley
Definition
  • Symbolic relationship between U.S. and religion
  • Contract: Hart's central metaphor to describe relationship
  • Tension and Flexibility ("God and Country")
Term
American Civil Religion/Piety - Carolyn Marvin
Definition
  • Challenge between civil and unofficial religion
  • Challenges Hart's conception of civil piety
  • Civil religion is more powerful than piety b/c it has the ability to call for death in terms of liberty or punishment
Term
Inertia
Definition
Resistance
Term
Karma
Definition
All experiences are the consequences of actions in past life
Term
Persona
Definition
Speaker's role (character/voice/ethos)
Term
Benevolent Extraterrestrial
Definition
Term
Exigence
Definition
  • What's the problem?
  • Urgency is key
Term
Socialization
Definition
Term
Constraints
Definition
Term
Externalization
Definition
  • Process by which humans create a world/ tools out of the “stuff” of themselves.
  • Humans have to create their own world and they do so by digging into their thoughts, ideas, dreams, and inspiration.
  • Communication is ultimately the key component in creating and maintaining their world and everything in it. (Example: Equality & Self-governing)
Term
Tone
Definition
  • Attitude towards the audience
  • 3 relational levels
    • superior
    • peer
    • subordinate
Term
Objectivation
Definition
Term
Internalization
Definition
  • Reappropriation of objective world, a transformation of objectivated culture into subjective consciousness.
  • Individuals engage their culture by adopting what they like or what they find useful to their life, or they reject it.
  • Active appropriation of objectivated society occurs through the ordering of life experiences-nomizing.
Term
Subject obstacles
Definition
Term
Mythical connection
Definition
Term
Audience obstacles
Definition
  • Target
  • Empirical
  • Agents of Change
  • Created
Term
Mysticism
Definition
Term
Ethos obstacles
Definition
Term
Anomy
Definition
  • The radical separation from the social world.
  • Anomy exists when people or groups feel disconnected from the world.
Term
Types of Audiences
Definition
Term
Dimensions of Ethos
Definition
Term
Legitimation
Definition
Term
Profane
Definition
Term
Biblical archetypes
Definition
  • story of Israel
  • exodus/escaping religious persecution
  • chosen people
  • promised land
  • sacrificial death
  • rebirth
Term
Transcendence
Definition
movement beyond material/ perceived reality
Term
Plausibility
Definition
  • validity of social reality and culture
  • the ability to have a stable society even with such diverse group and people
  • once things lose their validity, it destabilizes society
Term
Sacred
Definition
Purely good, elevated
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