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Cold War
US AP Cold War Exam
95
History
11th Grade
03/22/2011

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Cards

Term
Taft-Hartley Act
Definition
Congress passed this despite Truman's veto. This Act made unions liable for damages and made union leaders swear a noncommunist oath.
Term
Employment Act of 1946
Definition
This act made it government policy to promote maximum employment, production and purchasing power.
Term
Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 A.K.A. GI Bill of Rights
Definition
Sent former soldiers to school during post WWII era.
Term
Teheran Confrence
Definition
First time FDR and Stalin met. Main focus was discussing opening a second front in Europe. Left many things unresolved.
Term
Yalta Confrence
Definition
FDR did not tell Stalin of American plans to bomb Japan. Stalin said Soviets would enter war with Japan 3 months after the fall of Germany. There were many Soviet concessions.
Term
Bretton Woods Confrence
Definition
Western Allies established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to encourage world trade. They also founded the World Bank. Soviets did not participate, though the U.S. greatly did.
Term
The "Iron Curtain"
Definition
Stalin's isolationism and secrecy in regards to Europe and its divisions.
Term
The Berlin Airlifts
Definition
Soviets had made a blockade hoping to starve the allies out, so the U.S. simply airlifted supplies to Berlin for nearly a year.
Term
George Kennan
Definition
He came up with the Containment Doctrine towards the Soviet Union.
Term
Truman Doctrine
Definition
Sent money to Greece and Turkey to aid against Communism. Truman said it was America's duty to aid any country battling Communism.
Term
The Marshall Plan
Definition
Virtually saved Italy and France from Communism. The money went mostly to the "developed" world, with little going to third world countries.
Term
Truman's creation of Israel
Definition
Truman wanted to prevent Soviet influences on the Jewish state, had sympathies for the surviving Jews of the Holocaust and wanted to increase his popularity among Jews at home. This greatly angered Arabs, who warned of the consequences.
Term
National Security Act of 1947
Definition
This created the Department of Defense with a new cabinet officer, the Secretary of Defense. Under the Secretary of Defense were civilian secretaries of the navy, army and air force. They made up the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Term
National Security Council
Definition
Implemented to advice the president of security matters.
Term
Central Intelligence Agency
Definition
A.K.A. the C.I.A. coordinated the government's foreign fact-gathering.
Term
The "Voice of America" (1948)
Definition
Sent American radio broadcasts behind the iron curtain.
Term
North Atlantic Treaty Organization A.K.A. NATO
Definition
Went against traditional U.S. peace time isolationism. Said that an attack on one was an attack on all. This became a cornerstone for U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War.
Term
Reconstruction of Japan
Definition
Douglas MacArthur oversaw the reconstruction of Japan, democratizing it. Japan was seen as a success for America.
Term
The Fall of China
Definition
A great defeat for the U.S. and Allies. China became Communist.
Term
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Definition
Opposed development of the H-Bomb.
Term
The Loyalty Review Board
Definition
Investigated federal employees, with many being dismissed without being able to prove themselves innocent.
Term
Smith Act of 1940
Definition
First peacetime antisedition law since 1798.
Term
HUAC
Definition
Committee to investigate "subversion". Led by Richard Nixon.
Term
McCarran Internal Security Bill (1950)
Definition
Despite Truman's veto, this bill passed, allowing the president to arrest and detain suspicious people.
Term
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Definition
Convicted of espionage and were sentenced to the electric chair.
Term
Thomas E. Dewey
Definition
Truman's Republican opponent in the election of 1948. Truman wins the election and the democrats take over congress.
Term
Point Four Program
Definition
Plan to send money to underdevoloped countries to help them help themselves. The aim was to prevent communism in small countries, rather than killing them once they had become communist.
Term
Korean Conflict
Definition
38th parallel
Term
Dean Acheson
Definition
Truman's Secretary of State. After both sides withdrew from Korean conflict, Acheson seemed to want nothing to do with it.
Term
NSC-68 Report
Definition
Resurrected by Korean conflict to quadruple defense spending. Greatly militarized the U.S., under the assumption that the economy would survive no matter what.
Term
U.S. Support of South Korea
Definition
Though the conflict was technically headed by U.N. police action, the U.S. made up the bulk of the U.N. soldiers and MacArthur, in charge of the operation, took his orders from Washington.
Term
Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism
Definition
Anti-communist, accused Secretary of State Dean Acheson of employing hundreds of communists. He also accused General George Marshall. Instilled fear and finally came to his demise after he went after the U.S. army.
Term
Dwight Eisenhower
Definition
Republican winner of 1952 election. VP Richard Nixon. Eisenhower promised to go personally to Korea to end the conflict. Peace treaties were signed with China after 7 months.
Term
John Foster Dulles
Definition
Eisenhower's Secretary of State. Changed U.S. foreign policy away from containment and towards liberation of captive populations.
Term
The Hungarian Revolt (1956)
Definition
Hungary was greatly disappointed when the U.S. did not aid them against the Soviets. This showed that "massive retaliation" was too serious to implement on such a small conflict.
Term
Geneva Convention
Definition
Resulted in optimism and relaxation of tensions of the Cold War.
Term
Ho Chi Minh
Definition
Communist leader of Vietnam.
Term
Warsaw Pact
Definition
Soviet/Communist equivalent to NATO. Came as a response to Germany's entrance into NATO and NATO's bolstered military forces.
Term
Ngo Dinh Diem
Definition
Nationalist leader of Vietnam (U.S. side).
Term
Muhammed Reza Pahlevi
Definition
CIA installed this shah of Iran as a kind of dictator in fear of Soviet/Communist influence in the middle east. Caused Iranian sentiment towards U.S.
Term
Eisenhower Doctrine
Definition
Pledged U.S. military and economic aid to Middle Eastern nations threatened by Communism
Term
OPEC
Definition
Oganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran and Venezuela)
Term
Sputnik I & II
Definition
Soviet satellites - first ever. Scared Americans because it seemed apparent now that the Soviets could launch inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
Term
NASA
Definition
Established as a direct result of Sputnik and "Rocket Fever".
Term
The Camp David Accords
Definition
Krushchev said that his ultimatum for the evacuation of Berlin would be extended indefinitely.
Term
Paris "summit confrence"
Definition
Crushed good spirits of Camp David Accord
Term
Suez Crisis
Definition
Egyptian president Nasser wanted to build the Aswan Dam but after affiliating with Communists, U.S. backed out. Nasser responded with nationalizing the Suez Canal (primarily owned by British and French). The British and French planned an attack on Egypt, keeping the U.S. in the dark. U.N. eventually went in to restore peace. Last time in history when the U.S. could brandish it's "oil weapon".
Term
Fidel Castro
Definition
Cuban revolutionary against U.S. imperialism and overthrew Batista.
Term
The Kitchen Debate
Definition
Between Nixon and Krushchev in Moscow.
Term
"Flexible Response"
Definition
Kennedy's military strategy with Defense Secretary McNamara.
Term
"Flexible Response"
Definition
Kennedy's military strategy with Defense Secretary McNamara.
Term
Green Berets
Definition
Antiguerrilla Special Forces created by Kennedy with his "flexible response" policy.
Term
Walt Whitman Rostow
Definition
Influential modernization theorist who wrote The Stages of Economic Growth.
Term
Bay of Pigs
Definition
Kennedy's plan to overthrow Fidel Castro with the anticommunist exiles. It was a massive failure, though Kennedy did take full responsibility for the failure.
Term
Cuban Missile Crisis
Definition
Kennedy said that any attack from Cuba would be seen as an attack from the Soviet Union and would trigger nuclear retaliation. Eventually the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba and the U.S. in return ended the quarantine and would not invade the island and would also remove its missiles from Turkey, pointed as the Soviet Union.
Term
Detente
Definition
Relaxation of tensions - Kennedy wanted America to coexist with the USSR and urged people not to see the Soviets in such a negative light. Detente also occurred when Nixon met with Chinese and Soviet leaders personally.
Term
Dominican Revolution
Definition
President Johnson thought said it was being taken over by communists and sent American troops. He was highly critisized for this.
Term
Operation Rolling Thunder
Definition
Regular full-scale bombing attacks against North Vietnam.
Term
William Fulbright
Definition
Senator who lead Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, against the conflict in Vietnam.
Term
Tet Offensive
Definition
Massive, politically successful North Vietnamese offensive.
Term
Vietnamization
Definition
Nixon's plan to slowly withdraw American troops from Vietnam, while simultaneously increasing the South Vietnamese's involvement.
Term
Nixon Doctrine
Definition
Said that the U.S. would honor their current defense commitments, but that in the future, other countries would have to fight their own wars.
Term
Nixon and Cambodia
Definition
Without congressional permission, Nixon sent troops into Cambodia because North Vietnam was using it, though Cambodia was officially neutral.
Term
Kent State & Jackson State incidents
Definition
Students rioting and protesting against the U.S. involvement in Cambodia resulted in students being shot and killed.
Term
26th Amendment
Definition
Lowered the voting age to 18.
Term
Pentagon Papers
Definition
Top secret Pentagon study documenting the deceptions of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
Term
My Lai Massacre
Definition
American troops massacred an innocent civilian village of women and children.
Term
Henry Kissinger
Definition
Met with N. Vietnamese officials on Nixon's behalf in Paris to negotiate an end to conflict.
Term
SALT Agreements
Definition
Arms reduction agreements aimed at freezing the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for five years.
Term
Peace With Honor
Definition
Peace with the N. Vietnamese was more of an American retreat.
Term
War Powers Act
Definition
"New Isolationism"
Term
Brinksmanship
Definition
The practice of pushing dangerous events to the verge of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome.
Term
The Carter Doctrine
Definition
This stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf region. The doctrine was a response to the 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union.
Term
Invasion of Grenada
Definition
Operation Urgent Fury - U.S. invasion of islands of Grenada to thwart revolutionaries.
Term
Dayton Accords
Definition
Ended war in Bosnia.
Term
Acheson-Lilienthal Plan
Definition
It discussed possible methods for the international control of nuclear weapons and the avoidance of future nuclear warfare.
Term
McMahon Act
Definition
Transferred control of nuclear research from the military to civilians.
Term
The Invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968)
Definition
The invasion successfully stopped the liberalization reforms and strengthened the authority of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
Term
Bricker Amendment
Definition
These amendments would have placed restrictions on the scope and ratification of treaties and executive agreements entered into by the United States.
Term
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)
Definition
It is a doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender.
Term
USS Pueblo
Definition
This vessel was captured by the N. Koreans, though the U.S. claims it was in international waters.
Term
The Mayaguez (1975)
Definition
The merchant ship's crew, whose seizure at sea had prompted the U.S. attack, had been released in good health, unknown to the U.S. Marines or the U.S. command of the operation, before the Marines attacked.
Term
Reagan's SDI
Definition
Used ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear ballistic missiles
Term
Iran-Contra Affair
Definition
During the Reagan administration, senior Reagan Administration officials secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo.
Term
Iran Hostage Crisis
Definition
American hostages were taken after a group of Islamic students and militants took over the Embassy of the United States in support of the Iranian Revolution.
Term
COMECON
Definition
The Comecon was the Eastern Bloc's reply to the formation of the Organization for European Economic Co-operation in western Europe.
Term
Mann Doctrine
Definition
Made stability rather than democracy the prime goal of U.S. policy in Latin America during the Johnson administration.
Term
Ping Pong Diplomacy
Definition
Refers to the exchange ping pong players between the United States and People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1970s. The event marked a thaw in U.S.–China relations that paved the way to a visit to Beijing by President Richard Nixon.
Term
SEATO
Definition
It was primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia.
Term
Viet Nimh
Definition
After the Second World War, the Việt Minh opposed the re-occupation of Vietnam by France and later opposed the United States in the Vietnam War.
Term
Conscientious Objector
Definition
An "individual [who has] claimed the right to refuse to perform military service"[1] on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion.
Term
William Westmoreland
Definition
United States Army General, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak (1964–68), during the Tet Offensive.
Term
William Calley, Jr.
Definition
American war criminal and a former U.S. Army officer found guilty of murder for his role in the My Lai Massacre on March 16, 1968, during the Vietnam War.
Term
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
Definition
The outcome of the portrayal in the US of these two incidents was the passage by Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression".
Term
Operation Frequent Wind
Definition
evacuation by helicopter of American civilians and 'at-risk' Vietnamese from Saigon, South Vietnam, during the last days of the Vietnam War.
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