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Cognitive
I'm going to fail.
143
Psychology
Graduate
09/26/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
When did behaviorism end?
Definition
1956
Term
Why did behaviorism end (2 reasons)?
Definition

MIT conference--talked about beginning to study thinking

Cognitive revolution (see other card)

Term
How was the cognitive revolution possible?
Definition

Behaviorism doesn't answer everything (Children language learning)

Computers analogized to the mind

Term
What parts of children's language learning disproved behaviorism?
Definition
Overregularizing--the past tense phrase gets applied to everything, even when they've never heard anyone say that word and are never reinforced for it
Term
How can computers become an analogy to the mind?
Definition
Develop a theory about how the human mind works, make the computer your model, if the computer and people say the same thing, you're right
Term
Explain Atkinon and Shiffrin's Information Processing model
Definition
Input->Sensory Memory (5)->filter->pattern recognition-> filter->working memory->filter-> LTM
Term
What is the central executive in the information processing model?
Definition
It is what is needed to decide what gets filtered out and what gets kept.
Term
What did psychology borrow from neuroscience in the '70's?
Definition
PET, CAT, mRI, etc. We could "see" the brain. The subtraction method--when you do a small thing, brain lights up, do more complicated, detract the light up from the smaller.
Term
What's a PET scan do?
Definition
When part of the brain is active, usings more blood and glucose. Uses radioactivity.
Term
What did McClellan and Rumelhart contribute to neuroscience and psychology in 1986?
Definition
A 2 vol book set, talking about parallel distribution processing, aka connectionism.
Term
What model did McCellan and Rumelhart propose?
Definition
The connectionist model.
Term
Who proposed the connectionist model?
Definition
McClellan and Rumelhart
Term
How are connectionist models tested?
Definition
Through computer models--they need to be neuronally possible.
Term
Please explain the connectionist perspective.
Definition
Each group of similar items (names, jobs, books, etc) belongs to a cloud. These all have activity, all the time. They are also connected to important aspects. Aka UofI is connected to Nick, Joe's and pizza. When I think of UofI, it inhibits ISU and SIUE, and then activates Nick, which inhibits Mike and Ryan, and Nick activates that pizza spot.
Term
What arethe 5 properties of connectionism?
Definition

1) Retrieve charicteristics given a name.

2) Retrieve a name given partial information.

3) Small error in input isn't fatal.

4) Category generalization
5) Accounts for learning

Term
1 property of the connectionism model is that it can retrieve characteristics given a name. Give an example.
Definition
What is Nick's college? U of I.
Term
One characteristic of the connectionism model is that it can retrieve a name given partial information. Give an example.
Definition
Who's that friend of yours with brown hair? Nick? Ya.
Term
One characteristic of the connectionism model is that a small error isn't fatal. Give an example.
Definition
Whos that short guy you hang out with with blonde hair? Huh? You mean Nick? He's brunnette.
Term
One characteristic of connectionism is that you can generalize categories.
Definition
What are people from U of I like? They drink a lot, smart, dress well (even though I've never been told this).
Term
One property of the connectionism model is that it accounts for learning. Give an example.
Definition
The first time I'm asked this, I probably won't get it right. But then I'll be given feedback, and a small change (delta) will be made in my connections. By the 100th time I'm asked this question, I should know.
Term
What is the delta rule in the connectionism model?
Definition
Delta compares the output with the feedback and everytime slightly strengthens connections w/ right answer and weakens connections w/ wrong answers.
Term
What does the connectionism model says learning is all about?
Definition
MODIFYING connections
Term
Whats the main difference between IPM and Connectionism in what gets stored?
Definition
IPM=central executive, Connectionist=>input creates output automatically
Term
What do parallel and distributive mean in the connectionist model?
Definition

Parallel=>simultaneous

Distributive=>Nick is distributed--there is not a Nick spot, but rather multiple spots that describe Nick

Term
What are plus sides of IPModel and Connectionism?
Definition

IPM=>more conveniently separate

Connectionist=>appears to be more like the actual brain

Term
What PET scan study supported the delta rule?
Definition
They learned video game, :-/ at beginning, experts at the end. By the end, there was less brain activity (aka the stornger connections were inhibiting that other ones)
Term
What does the delta rule not account for?
Definition
When you remember something after just one trial. It doesn't work mathematically if it goes too quick.
Term
What are the three pattern recognition models?
Definition
Template, feature and structural/Gestalt
Term
What is the template model of pattern recognition?
Definition
The pattern you have in your head is whole, not the sum of its parts.
Term
What are the downfalls for the template model of pattern recogition?
Definition
How in the world would they all fit in your head?! Plus, if you flip something upside down, you still recognize it. And if someone writes an A a weird way, you can still go, oh, that's an A.
Term
What is the feature model of pattern recognition?
Definition
You have a list of features to make up a whole in your head.
Term
What are the downfalls of the feature model of pattern recognition?
Definition
Different A's don't have the same features, and T and L have the same features.



How did this ever become a theory?
Term
What is the accepted model of pattern recognition?
Definition
Stuctural/Gestalt
Term
What are the 4 Gestalt principles?
Definition
Proximity, similarity, good continuation and closure
Term
What is the proximity principle?
Definition
II II II II You will see the two I's next to each other as pairs.
Term
What is the similarity model?
Definition

I I You see rows not columns.

O O

Term
What is the rule of good continuation?
Definition
X you assume that each line is one piece, not that top and bottom are pieces.
Term
What is the principle of Closure?
Definition
When two circles overlap you always assume the one on the bottom continues.
Term
Why is the Gestalt model better than the other two models?
Definition
It doesn't only account for mental representations, but also how they should be organized.
Term
What was the bird/antelope example?
Definition
You saw birds if the information in the background was more conducive, and antelopes if vice verse. We group facial feature together.
Term
What are Biederman's geons?
Definition
We use basic shapes to group together pictures in the mind.
Term
What is attention?
Definition
The concentration of mental effort.
Term
What did Simons and Chabris' study with the basketball do?
Definition
Gorilla--when you were told to look at black shirts 83% notice, compared to only 42% of the white shirt group..they were convinced there could not have been a gorilla, because they were paying attention.
Term
What theory did Simons and Chabris gorilla study propogate?
Definition
Inattentional blindness--you treat the gorilla as if you're blind to it because you aren't attending to it.
Term
What way do they test filter models of attention?
Definition
Dichotic listening tasks--shadow what you hear out of one ear.
Term
What did early researchers on filter models think?
Definition
There was a filter that happened and you really could only listen to one ear at a time. None of the unattended ear gets through.
Term
What disproves the filter models?
Definition
Cocktail party effect and if one ear says dog six fleas and another says eight scratch two you say dog scratch fleas.
Term
What is the multiple resource model of attention?
Definition
We have a certain capacity to pay attention that can be split up and divided.
Term
What was Kahneman's Attention and Effort in 1973?
Definition
It showed the upside down U curve of attention capacity and how attention is allocated.
Term
What was Kahneman's upside down U of attention capacity?
Definition
If you are too much or too little aroused your attn. capacity goes down. Optimal in the middle.
Term
How does Kahneman suggest memory is allocated?
Definition
Momentary intentions (what you're currently doing) and enduring dispositions (constant over time)
Term
What are some examples of enduring dispositions?
Definition

Alternating pattern of light/dark

Bright color different from background

Sudden loud noises

rapid changes in loudness or pitch

Term
What did Strayer and Johnson do in 2001 for cell phones?
Definition
Examined if handheld phones were safer than hands on phones in a Ford Victoria simulator. One condition just listened to the radio.
Term
What were Strayer and Johnson's DV's in their 2001 cell phone study?
Definition
Reaction time to red light, missing red lights and tracking errors (swerving out of your lane)
Term
What was Strayer and Johnson's First experiment?
Definition
Four conditions--handheld phone/handsfree/radio/nothing.
The handson and handsfree did not differ and the radio and nothing were the same, but the two groups differed sig from each other.
Term
What was Strayer and Johnson's 2nd experiment?
Definition
Handheld phone for shadowing, handheld word generation (get one word, reply) and control. Shadowing=control. Word generation differed sig from these. Cell phones are bad to drive with because your attn. goes to the conversation.
Term
What are some reasons phones are worse than person in car?
Definition
Phones don't transmit the full range of voice and you can see the person in the car. They can tell you whats going on and stop talking if there's gonna be an accident. Dashboard phones may make things better.
Term
What did Strayer and Drews study show about cell phones and memory?
Definition
Drivers on phones dont remember stuff as well as controls (traffic signs/pedestrians)--even if their eyes are fixated on it.
Term
How do states respond to this cell phone crapola?
Definition
5 states ban cell phones--primary, can be pulled over simply for cell phone. secondary, have to do something else 1st.
Term
What are the 3 main principles of automatic processing?
Definition

1) It can occur w/o the subjests intention

2) It can occur w/o the subjects awareness

3) It does not require a lot of attn. capacit, so you can use your resources for other tasks.

Term
What is controlled processing?
Definition
The opposite of automatic--if it is capable of becoming automatic, it does so through practice.
Term
What is an example of doing an automatic task w/o intention?
Definition
Drive the same route every day--1 day decide to do errand, but forget and keep going home.
Term
What is an example of doing an automatic process without awareness?
Definition
Driving familiar route w/o remembering, using turn signals w/o thinking, small movements to keep car in lane, locking door everyday.
Term
What kind of processing is multitasking indicitive of?
Definition
Automatic.
Term
Whats an example of multitasking due to automatic processing?
Definition
When you 1st drive you can't function, but now you can do a lot of things.
Term
What was Shiffrin and Schneider's visual search task?
Definition
Gave a certain number of letters and said search for one (target)--the others were distractors. Looked at reaction time and sometimes targets became distractors, sometimes no.
Term
What were the results from Schriffrin's visual search task study?
Definition
When targets became distractors and vice versa the task never became automatic--slow RT (400ms)and felt hard to P's--but when targets did not become distractors nor v.versa it became auto after 100s of trials--fast RT (80ms)and felt easy.
Term
What was Anne Treisman's study on feature integration theory?
Definition
P's looked at stimuli on screen, pressed button if they saw feature/target. 1 condition--find something blue (a feature). Another--find a blue x (an object). Feature was automatic, object was not.
Term
How did Anne Treisman know that finding a feature was automatic and finding an object wasn't?
Definition
When they needed to find a feature the display size didn't matter for RT, but for objects the RT^ as display size ^.
Term
What's an illusory conjunction?
Definition
Show people quick glance at a screen to find an object and they can tell you what colors and shapes are present, but not how they go together.
Term
When are illusory conjunctions less likely to happen?
Definition
When you can use your prior knowledge to determine what's going on. (Top down)
Term
What are the different types of processing?
Definition
Top down--drawing inferences, using prior knowledge

Bottom up--using your senses and the info you get from them to figure out what's going on

Term
What are the 3 processes of memory?
Definition

Encoding-putting info in

Retrieval-getting info out

Storage-whats going on in memory when you aren't thinking of it

Term
What are the 3 different ways of retrieval?
Definition

Recall--freely tell me what you remember

Recognition--multiple choice

Cued recall--Gives subject some kind of hint--short answer

Term
What are the 3 main features of Working memory?
Definition

Limited in duration

Limited in capacity

Where you actively hold info you're working on

Term
What did Peterson and peterson show happens to working memory if you don't rehearse?
Definition
They gave them 3 letters, then counted back by 3's for a while (3,6,9,12,15,18s) OUTLOUD.

3sec-75% chance of remembering, 18sec--.08% chance of remembering

Term
Where in the world does the info in your memory go?
Definition
Decay/interference
Term
Who did the memory experiment with rugby players?
Definition
Baddeley & Hitch
Term
What was Baddeley & Hitchs study on memory?
Definition

P's=Rugby players

Studied retroactive interference

When there were more games between the game they recalled and the attempt to remember they recalled less.

Term
What was the proactive interference experiment?
Definition

As number of trials increase, probablity of recall decreases because he doesn't know if he's thinking of current #'s or old ones. If you switch over to letters on next trial, performance jumps up (release)

Term
Who said 7+-2?
Definition
George Miller
Term
When did George Miller write his article about the Magical # 7?
Definition
When the whole McCarthy communism issue was occuring.
Term
What was Baddeley and Hitch's memory model?
Definition
Articulatory rehearsal loop--When the central executive wasn't doing things with memories, you subvocally rehearse them, they go into the phonological buffer, your mechanisms read the buffer, you cognitively do stuff, then send it back around.
Term
So what is the articulatory rehearsal loop doing?
Definition
Info comes into WM, then goes on a loop to be rehearsed, then Central executive relaunches.
Term
What data supports the articulatory rehearsal loop?
Definition
Errors are more likely to sound alike--B mistook for V, F for S.

Not visually similar

It's easier to retain short words than long words

Term
What is the serial position curve?
Definition
A u-shaped function--when recalling a list you remember the first few items, huge drop off in middle, then the last few items.
Term
Compare primacy effect against the recency effect.
Definition

The primacy effect--you rehearse 1st words more and they are rehearsed with fewer words for a little while--transfers to LTM.

Recency--still in W.M.--nothing has kicked them out.

Term
If you were a political candidate, when would you DEFINITELY not want to go?
Definition
The middle.
Term
What is Tulving's theory of LTM?
Definition
Episodic vs semantic vs procedural
Term
How does a PET scan support differences between episodic and semantic?
Definition

Episodic--anterior cortex lights up

Semantic--posterior cortex lights up

Term
What shows that procedural memory is an aspect in and of itself?
Definition
They are relatively immune to dementia and damage--episodic are at the highest risk.
Term
What is the sequence of memory loss in Alzheimer's?
Definition
First goes episodic (esp. recent), then goes semantic. Sometimes they remember you, but not that you were there yesterday. Procedural goes last.
Term
Who was H.M.?
Definition
Henry Molasion of CT, had severe epilepsy (perhaps from biking accident in childhood). So Scoville removed his hippocampus, bcus it would only affect smell. He couldn't encode any new information (episodic or semantic) except procedural.
Term
Explain relationship between H.M. and procedural memory.
Definition
He got better at drawing the mirror image of an object when his hand could only be seen in the mirror--even though he couldn't remember ever doing it and thought he couldn't.
Term
What are 3 ways to define context?
Definition

The physical environment around you

The subjects internal state

Other information presented with the target

Term
What did Godden & Baddeley's study show about the physical environment context?
Definition
Scuba divers listened to words either underwater or on land and then recalled either underwater or on land. L/L and UW/UW did better.

When you encode info, you subconsciously encode other info with it

Term
What did Eich et al's study show about the internal state of context?
Definition
P's encoded info high or sober, and then recalled high or sober. If intoxicated while studying, did better if intoxicated while recalling. However, sober p's did better throughout.
Term
What did Thompson and Tulving's study show about other info presented w/ target as context?
Definition
P's given word pairs such as Blow-Cold (weak semantic meaning

1st condition for recall given blow and told to recall other word

2nd condition given ice and told to recall other word

1st condition did better.

Encoding specificity principle

Term
What is the encodin specificity principle?
Definition
The best cue is the one used during encoding, even if its weak semantically.
Term
What's a schema?
Definition
Your knowledge about some common situation.
Term
What is a script?
Definition
A schema about an event with ordered components--going to a restaurant.
Term
Where do schema's come from?
Definition
Experiences--children develop these after 1st exposure. This is restricted to the culture you're in.
Term
What did Bransford and Johnson's study show about encoding with schemas?
Definition
They wrote "balloon passages" that were hard to follow. They either gave people no context (picture), context before, or context after. Context before did sig better than context after and contol. You need an appropriate schema before you can encode.
Term
What did Raskin say about jokes and schemas?
Definition
Said first they activate a schema, and then make you laugh by violating that schema--punchline causes you to activate 2nd schema that violates the first one.
Term
What did Anderson and Pichert study to show how schemas are retrieved?
Definition
Gave P's stories about boys hanging out while cutting school.

Cond 1: Homebuyers schema, Cond 2: Burglar Schema

Read story, attempt recall--remembered details according to schema

Then randomly reassigned to groups, non switchers recalled 3% less, switchers recalled 7% more!--1st schema plus 2nd schema.

Term
What book did Bartlett write, and what was it about?
Definition
Remembering, during Dark Ages. We use top down when trying to remember things--find part of memory, and then reconstruct with our schemas.
Term
What experiment did Bartlett do to show we used top-down to process memories?
Definition
War of the Ghosts
Term
Who did War of the Ghosts?
Definition
Bartlett
Term
What was War of the Ghosts? Who did Bartlett give it to?
Definition
A folktale created by Native Americans. Bartlett gave it to Brits.
Term
What were the results of the War of the Ghosts experiment?
Definition
P's omit unfamiliar words or switch them for another more cultural word. eg. Canoe=>Boat.

Distorted part of the story=>If part of the story is hard to understand, they make up reasons that make sense and put them in the story

Shows we have schemas for stories.

Term
What research did Brewer and Treyens do on schemas in 1981?
Definition
A Psych 101 student went to office with GA--GA left them for 1 min, then took them to another room. "Remember as accurately as you can what you saw in the room."

Most reported objects were consistent with GA office schema, 1/3 subjects reported seeing books that didn't exist

Term
How do schemas relate to the connectionist model?
Definition
Long term memories are organized by meaning.
Term
What event did Brown and Kulik study when looking at flashbulb memories?
Definition
Kennedy Assassination
Term
What are 3 factors important to creating flashbulb memories?
Definition
Important event to the subject.

Strong emotion

Surprising

Term
What are things people are good at reporting for flashbulbs?
Definition
How, where and when they ehard the news. What they were doing before, who they were with, what their 1st thoughts were.
Term
What study looked at links between emotion and flashbulb memories?
Definition
Earthquake in Cali--group that lived near earthquake more likely to develop than group in GA.
Term
What studies looked at links between surprise and flashbulb memories?
Definition
One asked about Bush's decision to start bombing a country. People already expected it, no surprise, no FB memories.

Asked British people about random, surpriing resignition of Thatcher, some people developed FB memories.

Term
What study looked at accuracy of FB memories?
Definition
Talarico and Rubin in 2005--asked about 9/11 and one every day event on 9/12, 9/18, six weeks after and 32 weeks after. Over time both memories got less accurate (20%less@32wks), but confidence of 9/11 memory stayed higher.
Term
Why might people be confident about memories when they are not accurate?
Definition

Rehearsal

Source confusion--you know you remember, you just forget where you got the info from.

Term
What is the weapon focus effect?
Definition
People are more likely to focus on a weapon of a perpetrator than the perpetrator.
Term
How can you tell the weapon focus effect is due to unusualness rather than dangerousness?
Definition
Only High unusual objects create it--high threat and lo unusual does not.
Term
How terrified are non-victim witnesses?
Definition
Not so much--when a robber tried to rob a gun store and they ran into the street shooting, the people around were not that terrified.
Term
Who is the QUEEN of eyewitness memory research?
Definition
Elizabeth Loftus
Term
What did Elizabeth Loftus do?
Definition
She launched a line of research examining postevent information and found that memory was altered by question wording, news, etc
Term
What was Elizabeth Loftus' car study?
Definition
P's watched a video where a car hit something. They were given a questionnaire and either asked how fast car was going when it passed a barn, or not. When later asked to describe video, 25% of grp 1 reported a non-existent barn.
Term
Why would Elizabeth Loftus' P's report a non-existent barn?
Definition

Someone told them about a barn, don't know source, so think its from movie

They want to please the researcher (demand effect)

Don't have any idea about barn or no, but they know ?air asked, so they report it

Term
What are source errors in police line-ups?
Definition
Police show mug shots before line-up--in one study people falsely identified suspect in 20% of sample. Uh Ohs.
Term
What was a huge problematic case involving showing mug shots before line-up?
Definition
Ronald Cotton--Accussed of sexual assault of Jenny Thompson, spent 11 yrs in jail. Then cleared by DNA, now close friends.
Term
What are the two common ways of presenting a lineup to victims?
Definition
In a photo 6 pack or live (6 or 7)
Term
What do you call it when the guilty person is in the line-up?
Definition
Target present line-up (versus target absent)
Term
What do you call the distracting people in a line-up?
Definition
Foils
Term
What can affect picking someone out of a line-up?
Definition
Words told to victim--DO IT!!! or It's really important you help us out.

Should say "The actual guilty person may or may not be here.

Term
Whats the best way to do a photo line up?
Definition
Sequentially, with more than 6 people. This calls for an absolute judgement, not the best judgment. Foils should look like the description the witness gives, not the suspect.
Term
What was one case Loftus reported on?
Definition
17 year old was raped by a guy with a certain car--arrested Steve Titus because he had the car--Showed girl 6 pack and said do it bitch, pick him out. Poor Titus got convicted, but then a reported came and found the real guy.
Term
If a suspect has higher confidence, does this mean they are more accurate?
Definition
Nope. It depends more on witnessing conditions (good vs bad)
Term
What has DNA contributed to old law cases?
Definition
Of the 1st 40 overturned with DNA, 30 of them had been convicted mainly due to witness testimony. 8 of them were on death row. Some states deny DNA tests to those that ever confessed.
Term
What's up with childhood amnesia?
Definition
Drop off around 3 yrs--Avg age of 1st memory, 3.5 years. Range 2-8 years.
Term
What are issues with childhood amnesia methods?
Definition
Self-report, no way to verify, how do you know how old you were?
Term
What does Freud say about childhood amnesia?
Definition
Childhood so painful you repress memories so you don't ever have to think of them again.
Term
What do real people say about Frued's view of Childhood amnesia?
Definition
If we repress memories cus their painful, why are our earliest memories usually the painful ones and not the happy ones?
Term
What do neurologists say about childhod amnesia?
Definition
Maybe your synapses aren't fully formed so you can't form LTM's.
Term
What do pessimists say about neurologists views of childhood amnesia?
Definition
Tiny kids keep memories for 3 months, so they have to be going into LTM. AKA, swear words.
Term
What does Katherine Nelson say about childhood amnesia?
Definition
A child learns to form LTM in the narrative form before they can be decoded by us later on.
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