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Cognitive Psychology Ch 1
N/A
16
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
06/11/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the mind?
Definition
the mind is a system that creates representations of the world so we can act within it and achieve our goals
Term
Cognitive Psychology Is ... ?
Definition

The study of the mind. The mind controls:

perception

attention

memory

problem solving

decision making

reasoning

language

Term
what is the mind?
Definition
the mind is a system that creates representations of the world so we can act within it and achieve our goals.
Term
Donders - what did he do?
Definition

donders was interested in how long it takes to make a decision.

  • mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participant behavior.
  • mental chronometry: measuring how long a cognitive process takes
  • reaction-time (RT) experiment: measures interval between stimulus and reaction time.
  • Choice RT - Simple RT = Time to make a decision
  • choice reaction-time: making a choice before reacting
  • simple reaction time: reacting immediately to stimulus
  • Assumptions of Donder's Subtractive Logic:
  1. mental operations occur in discrete stages
  2. stages are independent
  3. processing stages can be isolated
  4. each stage takes time to complete
  5. can/add delete stages
Term

Herman Ebbinghaus

Definition

EXPERIMENT:

used nonsense syllables to determine # of reps necessary to repeat the list without them). Shorter interval = fewer reps it took to learn

-he used a savings method: [(initial repititions) - (relearning repitions)/initial repitions] x 100 to calcluate his results. 

- his forgetting curve showed savings as a function of retention intervals. 

 

Associationism: how can events or ideas becomes associated in the mind?

 

Term

WILHELM WUNDT

Definition

Approach:

Structuralism: What are the elementary contents (structures) of the human mind?

according to structuralism, our overall experience is determined by combining basic elemtns of experience in the structuralists called sensations

Method:

Analytic introspection: a technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli. 

Criticisms:

- extremely variable results from person to person

-results difficult to verfiy

-invisible inner mental process

Term

WILLIAM JAMES

Definition
- his textbook is "Principles of Psychology" (the huge book) 
Term

WATSON

Definition

Founds Behaviorism

behaviorism: what is the relation between behavior and environment?

(directly study the reaction)

1920: "Little Albert" experiment

- classical conditioning of fear: a month old became frightened by a rat after a loud noise was paired with every presentation of the rat. 

 

behavoir can be analyzed without reference to the mind.

Term

PAVLOV

Definition

[Classical Conditioning]

experiment: paired ringing bell with the presentation of food 

Term

SKINNER

Definition

Interested in determining relationship between stimulus and response 

Developed the ideas of operant conditioning and shaping behavior

    operant conditioning: focused on how behaior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers. / the rewarding of a partial behavior or a random act that approaches the desired behavior.

- shapes behavior by rewards/punishment

- rewards = repetition of behavior

- punishment = less of behavior

 

Term

TOLMAN


Definition

(was actually one of the first cognitive psychologists because he used behavior to infer mental processes (but thought he was a behavioralist))

Experiment: rat explores the maze, learns to turn right to obtain food, when placed in a different starting position, the rat understands to turn left *they had developed a cognitive map* this did NOT support behaviorism hypotheses. 

Term

Information-processing approach

Definition
a way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computer. 
Term

CHERRY

Definition

Dichotic listening: the procedure of presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear. 

- participants were only able to focus on the message they were shadowing. 

Term

BROADBENT

Definition

Flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus

 

Unattended information does not pass through the filter

"bottleneck" filter. 

Term

BEHAVIOR APPROACH

Definition

measures relationship between stimuli behavoir 

- it's subjective

EX/ "go faster"

 

Muller and Pilzecker had participants learn two lists of words

independent variable: one group learned the second list immediately after the first

dependent variable: other groups had a 6-min delay

   - memory recall for the first list of words?

Performance for list 1 recall was worse for the "immediate" group (because there was less time for consolidation)

 

Gais et al studied the effect of sleep on memory consolidation

independent variable: one group learned a list of words shortly before going to sleep, and another group learned it many hours before going to sleep

dependent variable: memory (forgetting) the list of words whcih was measured two day later

 

Term

PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH

Definition

measures the relationship physiology and behavior

 

-harder to influence/control than behavior approach

EX/ pupil size

 

Gais et al : the effect of sleep on memory consolidation

- brain activity at encoding and retieval

- measured using brain imaging (fMRI)

reults: foudning differential brain activity between the two groups

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