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Cognitive Psychology
Midterm 1
136
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/21/2008

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Term
Hubel and Wiesel's single cell recordings
Definition
Identified that cells have receptive fields with excitory fields surrounded by inhibitory fields
Term
____ invariance
Definition
changes in ____ dont make a difference
Term
_____ tuned or _____ specific
Definition
changes in _____ do make a difference
Term
Point of View based module (perception)
Definition
S1-simple cells; orientation and location specific
C1 - complex cells; 0rientation and near - location specific
S2 - near location specific
C2 - location invarient
Simpler cells use view tuned units where more complex cells use object tuned units
Term
View tuned units
Definition
learned appearance of objects from specific point of view
Term
object tuned units
Definition
learned appearance of objects invarient to point of view
Term
Feature Network Model (word recognition)
Definition
higher frequency words are recognized more frequently because of baseline activation (large baseline activation) meaning less to activate to reach threshold
Term
Well-formedness Effect
Definition
Well-Formed pronounceable non words are recognized faster than other non words
Violates Feature network model unless it uses bigrams
Term
Word superiority effect
Definition
letters are recognized faster and more accurately inside words than alone
Violates feature model w/bigrams
Term
Interactive Activation Model (Decedent of feature net)
Definition
Each feature sends an excitory/inhibitory electron to things that have/do not have those features with competition for who gets to respond Low level detectors can affect High level detectors as well as vice versa
accounts for Word superiority Effect b/c D A and R will activate K
Term
IAM predictions with regards to bigrams
Definition
high bigrams frequency will excite many words which will inhibit more while low bigram frequency will have few words excited but less inhibition
People are more accurate at recognizing words with low frequency bigrams
Term
Pattern Recognition
Definition
attaching meaning to a perceptual pattern
Term
Pattern Recognition Study (Anee Treisman)
Definition
preattentive (early) recognition stage is unconscious, automatic, parallel and "parts" where as attentive (late) recognition stage is conscious, effortful serial, and "wholes"
Term
Unilateral Hemispatial Neglect Study (Behrmann and Tipper
Definition
Patient neglects the left side of their visual space. Sensory system is not damaged but their is a deficit in their attentional system. Neglect follows object (connected circles study)
Term
Depth of Processing studies (Craik and Tulving) (Morris, Bransford and Franks)
Definition
deep/semantic processing will improve memory as opposed to other types of processing - however if retrieval task is presented in a context that matches a type of processing - that processing will be optimal for retrieval
Term
Elaborate Encoding (Craik and Tulving)
Definition
relates the encoding info to other info in your memory
Term
Factors that help Elaborate Encoding
Definition
complexity of sentence
distinctiveness (Klein and Saltz study with words rated on 1 or 2 dimensions)
Term
Retrieval Process
Definition
retrieve memories by generating associations from cues
Term
cued recall task
Definition
give Ss a word and it helps them recall words on a list
Term
Tulving and Thompson's study of encoding specifity
Definition
Had Ss read lists of word pairs; 1/2 strong/ 1/2 weak associations
strong cues worked better but cues in general worked better than replacing the cue
Suggests 2 types of memory:episodic+semantic
Term
Priming Effects
Definition
Effects of Prior exposure to a stimulus on a subsequent processing of a later stimulas
Term
Repetition Priming
Definition
Priming effect of a stimulus on a later presentation of itself
Term
Effects of Similarity of distractors in Priming (Ratliff + McCoon)
Definition
In a choice between the target and a similar distractor, priming will have an effect (both ways) In a choice between the target and a dissimilar distractor, priming will not have an effect
Term
Ratcliff and McCoon's Counter Model
Definition
Each word in your vocabulary is represented by a counter
When you see a word these counters compete for features that are present in the counter's word
Term
Problems with Ratcliff and McCoon's Counter Model
Definition
Priming can last for days
Amnesics show priming in stem completion for non words for which they have no episodic or semantic memory of
counter model may be only for visual PPS which would support MMS
Very narrow
Term
Direct Memory Task
Definition
Ss use memories of past experiences as basis in responding - explicit memories
Free Recall
Cued Recall
Recognition
Term
Indirect Memory Task
Definition
Ss are not asked to use their memories
word fragment completion - implicit
stem completion
perceptual ID (hard to detect stimuli)
Category production
Term
Variables that affect explicit recall
Definition
depth of processing
elaborative rehearsal
delay between study + test
proactive interference
Term
proactive interference
Definition
words on a previous list that affect the recall of the current list
Term
Variables that affect implicit memory
Definition
Changes in perceptual features between Study + Test like
case changes
modality changes
language changes
mode changes
Term
Double Dissociation
Definition
depth of processing with study increases explicit but has no effect on implicit whereas case changes will affect implicit but not explicit
-may arise because of TAP
Term
Transfer Appropriate Processing (TAP)
Definition
Performance is best when the processes at test are similar to those at study
Term
Problems with TAP
Definition
processes involved with different tasks have not been clearly specified so ther account is vague
Arguably circular
amnestics have impaired explicit memory which according to TAP says they have an impairment in conceptual processesing but still can be primed on indirect conceptually driven tasks
Term
MMS Account
Definition
Double dissociation implies many LTM memory systems Procedual Semantic Episodic Perceptual-Representation Systems
Term
TAP explains
Definition
implicit tasks are affected by changes to the perceptual features of the words - not 2 separate systems, two separate processes
Term
MMS explains
Definition
amnesiacs can have episodic memory impairment but still respond to priming
Term
Problems w/MMS
Definition
Add new systems Post hoc to account for new phenomena
Neuroscience evidence is circular
Studying prime should prime word not dependent on (dis)similar distractors
Term
schemas
Definition
prototyped knowledge structures (slots for default values)
help us get the correct answers and remember things most of the time but can cause errors
Term
reconstructed memory
Definition
Something that is inconsistent with the reality of the past that is remembered because preexsisting schemas are used to guide recall
Term
Tessler's study on Childhood amnesia
Definition
Tape recording mother daughter convos
Discovered that learning how to create schemas (co-creation w/mom) was essential to memory formation
Term
Clancy Study of women who recovered memories of Child Sexual Abuse
Definition
Ss with Recovered memories have higher susceptibility to false memories then those with potentially repressed repressed and continuous memories of CSA which have more susceptibility to false memories than the control group
Term
Lashley's search for engram
Definition
looking for "grandmother cell"
Term
equipotentiality
Definition
All parts of the brain share in storing memories
Term
Representation in connectionism
Definition
knowledge is represented in connection strength
learning involves the connection of new nodes and connections between nodes
concepts are stored as patterns of connection strengths (distributed representation
Term
Connectionist achitexcture is good at modeling...
Definition
good for modeling: overlap among stimuli, pattern completion/recognition, gradual learning, graceful degradation, learning, priming, categorization
Term
Perceptrons (Rosenblatt)
Definition
Early network model with only two layers
Disproved by Minsky and Papert (can't do XOR)
Term
Neural Networks (Grossberg)
Definition
3 layer networks to model networks of neurons
Term
Learning to categorize
Definition
Organization of behavior (Hubb) learning occurs by strengthening connections among neurons
Backward Propogation of Error - Input becomes output and output is compared against answer and connections are adjusted
Term
Perceived World Structure Study (Rosch)
Definition
2 Dimensions Level of abstraction Differentation of Categories
Term
Basic level (Rosch)
Definition
most inclusive level at which there are many attributes common to most or all members of the category
Term
Evidence of Basic level in cognition
Definition
imagery (you can form a visual image of basic level but not more general), perception (first at basic level), development (basic level concepts learned first), language (basic level have simpler signs)
Term
Prototypicality effect
Definition
some members of a category are perceived as better members of the category are perceived as being better members of a category than others (judgments of category membership can be carried out faster for prototypical members)
Term
Classical Categorization
Definition
defined by necessary and sufficient conditions
Does not explain prototypicality
Term
Prototype model:Feature Nets
Definition
category membership is defined by some criterion number of weighted features in common
Doesn't capture relationships between features
Term
Prototype model:Dimensional
Definition
Category membership is defined by a distance criterion on a number of dimensions
Term
Exemplar Model
Definition
Category membership is defined by similarity to other specific members of the category explains prototypicality, preserving info about variability and correlated features but violates cognitive economy
Term
Capgras Syndrome
Definition
Caused by emotional processing to be disturbed leading to intellectual procssesing w/o familiarity response
Term
Visual System
Definition
photo receptors simulate biploar cells which in turn excite gangliaon cells which form together to make the optic nerve
Term
Lateral inhibition
Definition
cells that receive light inhibit the activity of other nearby cells
Term
All or None Law
Definition
refers to the fact that either a signal is sent down the axon or it is not - it can fire more rapidly if a stronger signal
Term
Center surround cells
Definition
Light presented to the center of the receptive field has one influence while to to the periphery another (ex: excitory influence for the center and inhibitory influence for periphery)
Term
edge detectors
Definition
fire at their max when a stimulus containing an edge of just the right orientation appears within their receptive fields
Term
The four Parallel processes in Visual Recognition
Definition
P cells - smaller more detailed receptive fields M Cells - detection of motion/depth "What system" - identification (occipital to temporal) "Where system" - location (parietal)
Term
binding problem
Definition
How do the pieces of information get put back together - neural synchrony (neurons firing together and at the same speed (gamma based oscillation) has attributes attributed to same object
Term
conjunction errors (Visual Processing)
Definition
correctly detecting features present but making mistakes on how they are conjoined when overloaded (attention is crucial to neural synchrony)
Term
Form Perception
Definition
Process which you manage to see what the basic shape and size
Term
Object recognition
Definition
process by which you identify the object
Term
Gestalt Laws
Definition
We pay attention to entire shape/organization Parses - which parts are percieved as going together Organization is logical - it avoids elaboration or coincidence
Term
Feature Nets
Definition
Network of detectors organized in layers with each subsequent layer concerned with more complex objects
Term
Recognition by Components (RBC) Model (Hummel and Biederman) (Decedent of feature net)
Definition
recognition happens because of geons which are intermediate level of detectors that serve as the basic building blocks of all objects we recognize Viewpoint independent
Term
Recognition via Multiple Views (Tarr) (Decedent of feature net)
Definition
People have stored many views of what an object looks like from some angle but often mental rotation required because view point dependent
Term
Can most of the principles of visual recognition be recognized in the same way?
Definition
Many of the principles can be generalized in other areas - there are some differences
Term
different recognition for faces
Definition
strong dependence on orientation - system specializes for configurations
Term
Top Down
Definition
concept driven priming uses a broad pattern of knowledge and expectations
Term
bottom up
Definition
data driven
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
processes through which you somehow select an input and tune out the rest
Term
Divided Attention
Definition
when you do multiple tasks at once
Term
(Un)attended channel
Definition
the speech you are (aren't) listening to
Term
cocktail party effect
Definition
you will stay tuned into AC unless UC has content like your own name or a name of a close friend
Term
Inattential Blindness
Definition
participants in study that were not expecting to see shapes didn't see them (or saw them and then immediately forgot) when they had to focus their attention on another point
Term
unconscious perception
Definition
attention not needed for unconscious perception
Term
Change blindness
Definition
observers remarkable inability to detect change in scenes
Term
Selective priming
Definition
high validity primes lead to bigger benefits and bigger cost if they are wrong
Term
2 types of primes
Definition
presentation of the prime
Expectation based
Term
spatial attention
Definition
ability to focus on a particular position in space. Its a limited capacity system which devotes more attention to one side you must divert attention from the other
Term
Late selection
Definition
All Info is processed and we are only aware of that which holds our attention
Term
Aspects of Divided attention
Definition
greater interference among more similar tasks however there can be interference even in very different task because some mental resources are very gneralized
Term
Working memory's role in attention
Definition
several part system that has some executive power to avoid interference and direct cognitive processes. Tasks that have been practiced do not need the WM to avoid interference as much.
Term
controlled tasks
Definition
typically novel tasks
Term
automatic tasks
Definition
highly familiar
Term
Problems with STM in Modal memory system
Definition
If short term memory is impaired there should be no way the memory can get to LTM but it has been shown it can
Also filling STM with digits does not prevent simultaneous cognitive tasks such as reading.
Term
Advantages to WM over STM and Modal Model
Definition
multicomponent: if some short term memory loss it could be caused by a failure of one component which would still allow LTM to form
Term
Modal Memory Model
Definition
STM holds on to info you currently use and Long term contains all the information you remember
Term
Study with primacy and Recentcy effect to prove WM and LT are different
Definition
If you put other info in WM recentcy effect will fade but primacy effect will remain the same
Term
7 Plus or Minus 2 (Miller)
Definition
Theory that the brain can only hold seven plus or minus two chunks of data at a time
Term
Parts of WM
Definition
Central Executive, visuospatial buffer, rehearsal loop
Term
Sensory memory
Definition
Very brief storage of info from sensory input
Term
Saul Sternbergs number sequence study
Definition
Found that saying if a number is in a sequence is a serial process
Term
2 types of rehearsal
Definition
maintenance - focus on items Elaborate Rehearsal focus on connections between items to be remembered (superior)
Term
State Dependent learning
Definition
certain memories of where you learn trigger better recall if you are in the same environment (smell effect most pronouced)
Term
context reinstatement
Definition
Better remembering if the context is recreated
Term
source memory
Definition
remember seeing the image specifically
Term
familiarity
Definition
dont remember seeing the item but have a strong feeling it is something
Term
Jacoby study on Implicit memory
Definition
lexical decision task, participants made decisions faster when they were primed
Term
Lexical decision Task
Definition
String of letters, Ss have to decide if its a word or not
Term
Illusion of Truth
Definition
feeling of familiarity from implicit memory leads us to assume things that aren't true (i.e familiar face=famous)
Term
Connection Hypothesis of Memory Errors
Definition
a bit of info encountered in one context can be transported to another context and be misremembered as part of the original experience
Term
Intrusion Errors
Definition
When other knowledge intrudes on the remembered event
Term
Deese-Roediger McDermott procedure (DRM)
Definition
if Ss are shown test words that belong to a certain group they will remember words that belong in the group but weren't on the list
Term
Causes of forgetting
Definition
Retention interval, interference (caused by source confusion, leading questions)
Term
Key factors of autobiographical memory
Definition
involvement emotion and delay length
Term
self-reference effect
Definition
Info about yourself is more likely to be remembered
Term
Evidence favoring the Network Notion for LTM
Definition
hints activate nodes, context reinstatement, sentence verification is faster w/a connection,
Term
Andersons model of propositions (ACT)
Definition
type nodes - embedded in propositions true for entire category
token nodes - founded in propositions concerned with specific events and individuals
Term
Connectionism
Definition
distributed representation - any particular idea is represented by a pattern of recognition across the network
Term
Advantages of Connectionism
Definition
memory searches often must satisfy multiple demands, biological plausibility, powerful means of storage
Term
Disadvantages of connectionism
Definition
biological realism?, some say connectionist models only work when programmers stack the data a certain way
Term
Goal Derived categories
Definition
depends on individual tastes/views "Thing to eat on a diet"
Term
Goal Derived categories
Definition
depends on individual tastes/views "Thing to eat on a diet"
Term
Ad Hoc Categories
Definition
categories about things that people have no exemplars for
Term
theories and category coherence
Definition
easier to learn concepts that hang together
Term
expertise Effect
Definition
Experts categories differ from novices
Term
Phonological Similarity Effect
Definition
memory span for similar sounding items is smaller than for dissimilar items
Term
Irrelevant Speech Effect
Definition
during memory task presentation of unattended spoken material disrupts recall
Term
World Length Effect
Definition
memory span is better for short words than long words b/c long words take longer to rehearse allowing more decay to occur between cycles
Term
Articulatory suppression
Definition
Saying nonsense when trying to remember severely impairs memory (also removes Phonological Similariy Effect
Term
Why do we have Phonological Loop?
Definition
No neccessary for complex processing, speaking, reading or comprehension but is
crucial for language learning
Term
Visiospatial Sketchpad
Definition
holds images that decay in a few seconds
Term
Central Executive
Definition
directs attention, coordinates simultaneous processing in phonological and visiospatial systems, involved in planning
Term
Random Letter Generation Study
Definition
Come up with one new random letter every so many seconds - when it gets faster your central executive cannot suppress your automatic processes which are initiated by associations fast enough
Term
Hierarchical Semantic Network
Definition
Attributes are stored hierarchically
Term
Advantages to Hierarchical Semantic Network Model
Definition
Cognitive Economy - you don't have to store things twice
Term
Problems with the Hierarchical Semantic Network Model
Definition
Response time is only a function of the number of nodes and connections -structure is not strictly hierarchical but only implicitly hierarchical, hierarchical structure is not always found, within level of the hierarchy all connections are not equal
Term
Spreading Activation (Collins and Loftus)
Definition
Connection strength is increased through use with hierarchy implicit in connection strengths, activation spreads from node to node until brain inhibits unwanted associations
Term
problems w/ Spreading Activation
Definition
Anderson study w/ Lawyer, Hippie etc. Higher fan should be faster but strengths of primes are equal to the strength of the association (prob A given B is activated/P(A))
Term
Chunk Activation
Definition
reflects an estimate of the probablility that the chunk will match to a production in the new cycle (activation = prior odds + current input = baseline + current input)
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