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COGNITION
study- unit 7
54
Psychology
12th Grade
04/22/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
MEMORY
Definition

learning that has persisted over time

 

Term

THREE-BOX MODEL

(Information Processing Model)

Definition
  • 3 steps to memory
    • 1st- sensory memory
    • 2nd- encoded info may go to STM (working memory)
    • 3rd- rehearsed info then goes to LTM
Term
LEVELS OF PROCESSING MODEL
Definition
  • The deeper you process information the better encoded it becomes
  • Levels of Processing
    • Shallow (image/color/shape)
    • Intermediate (sound)
    • Deep (understand meaning)- best for encoding
Term
SENSORY MEMORY
Definition
holds incoming sensory information (sounds, smells, sight)
Term
ICONIC MEMORY
Definition
  • split second photograph of a scene
    • ex: remember what notes look like
Term
ECHOIC MEMORY
Definition
  • brief sound memory
    • ex: remember a high pitched ringing
Term
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
Definition
we encode what is important to us
Term

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

(STM)

Definition
  • encoded information that is helf for a short period of time- seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, etc.
    • limited space
    • time decay
Term
CHUNKING
Definition
  • grouping like information to save STM storage space

 

Term
MNEMONIC DEVICE
Definition
  • memory aid/chunking method
    • ex: OCEAN is a mnemonic device for the "5 Factor" personality traits (openness to experience, conscietiousness, extroversion, agreebleness, neuroticism)

 

Term
REHEARSAL
Definition
  • to repeat information
    • helps to encode (low level)
Term

LONG-TERM MEMORY

(LTM)

Definition
  • permanent memory
    • LTM formats: procedural, semantic, episodic
Term
EPISODIC MEMORY
Definition
  • memories of specific life events
  • ex: remembering prom night
Term
SEMANTIC MEMORY
Definition
  • General knowledge/facts
  • ex: what is the difference between affect and effect
Term
PROCEDURAL MEMORY
Definition
  • Memories of how to perform skills
  • ex: how to do the breast stroke
Term

EXPLICIT MEMORY

(Declarative Memory)
Definition
  • Memories we actively try to remember
    • ex: trying to remember all of the memory models
Term

IMPLICIT MEMORY

(Nondeclarative memory)

Definition
  • Memories we do not actively try to recall
    • you do not have to consciously think about how to sweep the floor
Term

EIDETIC MEMORY

(Photographic Memory)

Definition
  • highly acute iconic memory
    • ex: rememberin all the words on a book page
Term
RETRIEVAL
Definition
  • to bring information out of memory
Term
RECALL
Definition
  • To retrieve information without cues
    • Ex: writing AP Psychology FRQs
Term
RECOGNITION
Definition
  • To retrieve information with cues
    • Ex: Multiple choice questions (you can see the answer)
Term
PRIMACY EFFECT
Definition
ability to better remember items that come first in a list
Term
RECENCY EFFECT
Definition
ability to remember items that come last in list
Term
SERIAL-POSITION EFFECT
Definition
when a person remembers what comes first and last in a list but fails to recall the middle items
Term
TIP-OF-TONGUE PHENOMENON
Definition
  • inability to recall a word even though you have encoded it
    • (ie: the word is right at the tip of your tongue)
Term
SEMANTIC NETWORK THEORY
Definition
  • we encode & learn new words by connecting them to words we already know and understand
Term
FLASHBULB MEMORY
Definition
  • having an acute memory of an important life/historical event
Term
MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORY
Definition
  • ability to recall a memory better if your mood matches that of the mood you were in when the memory was created
Term
STATE DEPENDENT MEMORY
Definition
better recall a memory if you are in same state of consciousness as when memory was created
Term
CONSTRUCTED MEMORIES
Definition
  • the act of recovering repressed memories
    • very controversial
    • not completely accurate in retrieval of memory
Term
RELEARNING
Definition
  • when you learn information a 2nd time, it takes less time to encode
      • YAAY!!! While relearning for AP Psych you should encode the info faster
Term
INTERFERENCE
Definition
  • when incoming information is competing with old information or vice versa
Term
RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Definition
  • New information impedes the recall of old info
    • Ex: if you study for Psych first then Bio, you will remember Bio and not Psych
Term
PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
Definition
  • old information impedes the retention & recall of new information
    • Ex: If you study for Pre Calc first and then English, you will remember Pre Calc and not English
Term
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA
Definition
inability to form new memories
Term
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
Definition
inability to recall memories from before accident/event (that caused amnesia)
Term
PHONEMES
Definition
  • smallest unit in language
  • how specific letters/combinations sound
Term
MORPHEMES
Definition
  • smallest unit that carries meaning
    • prefixes & suffixes 
Term
SYNTAX
Definition
the order in which words should be written
Term
OVERGENERALIZATION/OVERREGULATION
Definition
  • overusing a grammatical rule
    • ex: children often say runned to show past tense
Term
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE
Definition
  • Noam Chomsky's belief that humans are born with the ability to learn language quickly as children
Term
NOAM CHOMSKY
Definition
  • Was a language nativist
    • believed humans were the only animals capable to innately learning language
Term
PROTOTYPES
Definition
  • what we believe to be a typical example
    • what is your prototype college student?
Term
IMAGES
Definition
  • Mental picture we create of the outside world
Term
ALGORITHM
Definition
  • Rule that guarantees right solution by following a formular
    • ex: pythagorean theorem
Term
HEURISTIC
Definition
  • a rule that is generally but not always true
    • ex: "if you are kind to others, they will return the kindness"
Term
AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
Definition
  • judging a situation based on the first similar situation that comes to mind
Term
REPRESENTATIVE HEURISITIC
Definition
  • Judging a situation based on how similar it is to a prototype
Term
BELIEF BIAS
Definition
  • we make illogical conclusions just to confirm our beliefs
Term
FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
Definition
  • inability to see a new use for an object
Term
CONFIRMATION BIAS
Definition
  • tendency to look for evidence/examples that support our beliefs
Term
CONVERGENT THINKING
Definition
  • thinking that points towards one solution
    • some math teachers believe there is only one way to solve a problem
Term
DIVERGENT THINKING
Definition
  • tendency to believe there may be multiple solutions or problem sets
    • ex: some math teachers show you several ways to solve a problem
Term
HERMAN EBBINGHAUS
Definition
  • Study how quickly people forget information
    • used non sense syllables
    • measured recall retention
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