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Cognition Chapter 9
Exam Three
43
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2006

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Term
Language
Definition
the use of an organized means of combining words in order to communicate.

makes it possible to think about things and processes we currently cannot see, hear, feel, touch, or smell.
Term
communication
Definition
exchange of thoughts and feelings - encompasses: nonverbal (gestures) glances, touches, as well as language.
Term
Psycholinguistics
Definition
psychology of our language as it interacts with the human mind. Includes both production and comprehension of language.

Four Studies: linguistics, neurolinguistics, sociolinguistics, computational linguistics and psycholinguistics
Term
linguistics
Definition
study of language structure and change
Term
neurolinguistics
Definition
study of relationships among the brain, cognition, and language.
Term
sociolinguistics
Definition
study of relationship between social behavior and language
Term
computational linguistics/psycholinguistics
Definition
study of language via computational methods
Term
Properties of Language
Definition
communicative, arbitrarily symbolic, regularly structured, structured at multiple levels, generative, productive, dynamic.
Term
communicative
Definition
language permits us to communicate with one or more people who share our language
Term
arbitrary symbolic
Definition
language creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and its referent: an idea, a thing, a process, a relationship, or a description
Term
regularly structured
Definition
language has a structure; only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning, and different arrangements yield different meanings
Term
structured at multiple levels
Definition
the structure of language can be analyzed at more than one level (e.g. sounds, meaning units, words, phrases)
Term
generative productive
Definition
within limits of a linguistic structure, language users can produce novel utterances. The possibilities for creating new utterances are virtually limitless.
Term
symbol
Definition
something that represents, indicates, or suggests something else. It refers, points, or alludes to a particular thing, process, or description.
Term
principle of conventionality
Definition
underlying principle of word meaning; words mean what conventions make them mean.
Term
principle of contrast
Definition
underlying principle of word meaning; different words have different meanings - that's the whole point!
Term
Two Fundamental Aspects of Language
Definition
receptive comprehension and decoding of language input & expressive encoding and production of language output
Term
verbal comprehension
Definition
receptive ability to comprehend written and spoken linguistic input
Term
verbal fluency
Definition
expressive ability to produce linguistic output
Term
verbal fluency
Definition
expressive ability to produce linguistic output
Term
phoneme
Definition
smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one utterance in a given language from another. - english phonemes are made up of vowels and consanants - allophones: sound variants of the same phoneme.
Term
morpheme
Definition
smallest unit that denotes meaning within a particular language. (root words, prefixes and suffixes) content morphemes: words that convey the bulk of the meaning of a language. function morphemes add detail and nuance to the meaning of the content morphemes or help the content morphemes fit the grammatical context.
Term
lexicon
Definition
the entire set of morphemes in a given language or in a given person's linguistic repertoire. average adult english speaker 80,000 morphemes.
Term
syntax
Definition
the way in which users of a particular language put words together to form sentences. major role in understanding language. (noun phrase, and verb phrase)
Term
semantics
Definition
complementary to syntax, study of meaning in a language.
Term
discourse
Definition
final level of analysis; encompasses language use at the level beyond the sentence, such as in conversation, paragraphs, stories, chapters, and entire works of literature.
Term
coarticulation
Definition
occurs when phonemes or other units are produced in a way that overlaps them in time; phonemes in words overlap, as well as in sentences.
Term
view of speech perception as special
Definition
categorical perception - discontinuous categories of speech sounds.
Term
First year of life
Definition
cooing, babbling, one-word utterances, two-word utterances, basic adult sentence structure, with continuing vocabulary acquisition
Term
First year of life
Definition
cooing, babbling, one-word utterances, two-word utterances, basic adult sentence structure, with continuing vocabulary acquisition
Term
overextension error
Definition
erroneously extending the meaning of words in the existing lexicon to cover things and ideas for which a new word is lacking. (any four legged animal = doggie)
Term
telegraphic speech
Definition
can be used to describe two-or three-word utterances and even slightly longer ones, if they have omissions of some function
Term
language acquisition device
Definition
a biologically innate mechanism that facilitates language acquisition - humans seem to be biologically predisposed to acquire language.
Term
language acquisition device
Definition
a biologically innate mechanism that facilitates language acquisition - humans seem to be biologically predisposed to acquire language.
Term
Metacognition
Definition
our understanding and control of our cognition. metacognition helps in learning new languages which are similar to the ones we already know.
Term
Metacognition
Definition
our understanding and control of our cognition. metacognition helps in learning new languages which are similar to the ones we already know.
Term
Metacognition
Definition
our understanding and control of our cognition. metacognition helps in learning new languages which are similar to the ones we already know.
Term
Hypothesis Testing View
Definition
children acquire language by mentally forming tentative hypotheses regarding language, based on their inherited facility for language acquiition and then testing these hypotheses in the environment.
Term
Forming Hypotheses
Definition
young children look for and attend to these: 1. patterns of changes in the forms of words 2. morphemic inflections that signal changes in meaning, especially suffixes. 3. sequences of morphemes, including both the sequences of affixes and roots and the sequences of words in sentence.
Term
Imitation
Definition
children do exactly what they see others do. imitate language patterns of others, especially parents, but not sufficient enough for language acquisition...loosely following what they hear: modeling
Term
Child-directed Speech
Definition
simpler sentence constructions when speaking with infants and young children, also termed: motherese.
Term
Overregulization
Definition
when individuals apply the general rules of language to the exceptional cases that vary from the norm.
Term
Conditioning
Definition
children hear utterances and associate those utterances with particular objects and events in their environment. They then produce those utterances and are rewarded by their parents and others for having spoken.
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