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Cog
Final
69
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/08/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
IAT
Definition
more than just abstract measure of attitudes, a predictor of how we would act in spontaneous situations
Term
Verbal overshadowing
Definition
describing a face impairs you otherwise effortless ability to recognize a face; left hemisphere(verbal), right hemisphere(visual) so when asked to describe something your brain must from left to right
Term
What is Insight and insight problems
Definition
with logic problems, explaining yourself helps, but with insight problems, this wrecks you
Example: ask professional basketball player to take 10 second prep time before shooting a free throw, they do worse
Term
What is insight do to
Definition
expertise (thin/ slicing)
Term
How does choice influence consumer decision making
Definition
Truly successful decision making relies on a balance between deliberate and instinctive thinking
Term
More on consumer choice influence
Definition
-choice is bad when dealing with minor options
-too many choices paralyze the consumer
-What you’re striving to do is get to the point that your unconscious is an expert and you’re attempting to only use deliberation when necessary
Term
Sensation transference experiment
Definition
strong consumer preference for a low quality brandy over a high quality but equally expensive brandy
Term
Sensation transference
Definition
looks good, taste good (people base things off of presentation)
Term
Influence of expertise on cognition
Definition
people who are experts in various fields tend to be able to overcome these biases
Term
Reason for expertise on cognition
Definition
as we become more of an expert in something, our taste grows more esoteric and complex
Term
why is it difficult to gage public reaction to new and different things
Definition
-people have a tendency to think of things that are different as ugly
-things that are new and different are often thought of as bad by the general public
-we dont know how to consciously explain our feelings, experts dont have this problem
Term
Examples of influence of extreme arousal on cognition
Definition
Amadou Diallo shot by police 41 times while reaching for his wallet
Term
3 fatal mistakes of influence on extreme arousal on cognition
Definition
-rapid cognition- continually make predictions and interference about what others are thinking/feelin/doing
-werent able to read mind and acted only on their instincts
-assumed dangerous
Term
Optimal arousal
Definition
for heightening performance occurs when the heart beats at a rate between 115 and 145 bpm; at 175 total breakdown of cognitive processing, forebrain shuts down and the mid brain takes over
Term
5 reasons cognitive psychologist are interested in the study of language
Definition
-unique form of abstraction which heart of cognition
-major impact on the form of representation of information in memory
-the chief form of human information exchange
-one means to think about external events internally
-influences perception, which we obtain the basic data for cognition
Term
Linguistics
Definition
study the structure of language, developmental psychologist, how we learn to use things
Term
psycholinguistics
Definition
psychologist study language use; cognitive psychologist, interested in language performance, linguistics interested in language competency
Term
four levels of language
Definition
phonemic
syntactic
semantic
pragmatic
Term
Phonemic
Definition
Phoneme- a single speech sound that can be represented by a single symbol, the basic unit of spoken language
Term
morpheme
Definition
smallest unit of meaning, combining morphemes produce words, but there are rules governing combinations
Term
syntactic
Definition
every language has a different syntax though many syntaxes are similar(spanish and portuguese)
Term
semantic
Definition
the study of the meaning, words to convey meaning; psychologist are most interested in this level of language as this the point where information transmission occurs
Term
pragmatics
Definition
the least studied aspects of language
Term
transformational grammar
Definition
consisted of both phrase structural rules to create utterances and transformational rule to modify utterances
Term
3 ideas that compromise linguistic (transformational grammar)
Definition
surface structure is the outward apperance of utterance
-deep structure is the underlying form (meaning)of an utterance
-transformation rules can be used to change either surface or deep structure (meaning can be realized in many different way, no previous theory captured this idea)
Term
Linguistic competence
Definition
the three ideas that chomsky referred to
Term
surface
Definition
the outward appearance of an utterance
Term
deep structure
Definition
underlying form(meaning) of an utterance; we dont remember what was said we remember the meaning
Term
Lexical access
Definition
multiple word meaning probably occurs rapidly; selection of appropriate meanings follows shortly thereafter
Term
lexical access (multiple word meanings initially accessed) experiment
Definition
read a sentence “they need a new sink,” pronounce a probe word that follows directly after, “tap” (noun related swim) and “swim” (verb related)
Term
Eye movements
Definition
People spend the most time at the beginning and end or passages, and less time on sentences in the middle
Term
eye movement
Definition
First and last, disambiguate the preceding word; reading a story about a band then see the word bass, read it as base or pause
Term
Broca’s aphasia (anterior or expressive aphasia)
Definition
results from a lesion in anterior region of the brain, tip of the tongue phase: speech is halting and labored due to damage to parts of the brain that handle production, normal IQ: think normally, but can never find the right words, better to have this kind coming out of it
Term
Wernicke’s aphasia (posterior)
Definition
results from lesions to temporal or parietal cortex, posterior region, receptive or fluent aphasia, its victims have problems understanding, yet produce, fluid, meaningless utterances, speech is word salad
Term
agrammatistm
Definition
a deficit in the ability to produce and comprehend grammatical sentences is also apparent in the aphasics (Broca’s aphasia)
Term
Why are 7 year olds impacted by phonological similarity when 3-5 year olds
Definition
3-5 years old, not impacted by phonological similarity between the names of the items (production deficiency)
-The words sound the same so 7 year olds used that as a memory strategy
Term
The relationship between cerebral shrinkage and age
Definition
Shrinkage in specific brain regions with significant individual differences
-Hippocampus (memory) and cerebellum in particular showed acceleration trends
-“Superagers” 10% of the population, at 80 have cortex levels similar to that from the 50-65 age group
-Education is NOT a factor
Term
Judgment
Definition
the processes we use to think about evidence, make influences, and reach conclusions; a form of higher order cognition
Term
What are the subcomponents of judgment
Definition
Induction
deduction
normative models
descriptive models
heuristics
Term
Induction
Definition
a situation in which one begins with specific facts/observations and draws some general conclusion to them; detective using clues, bottom-up process
Term
Deduction
Definition
a situation in which one begins with some general statement and figures out what specific claims reasonably follow from it; syllogisms all men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal, top-down process
Term
Normative models
Definition
how things ought to go; what people should do; provides baseline to compare actual performance… more the domain of statisticians
Term
Descriptive models
Definition
how things are; what people actually do; what cognitive psychologists are interested in, involves strategy selection
Term
Heuristics
Definition
availability, representativeness, simulation, biases: hindsight (knew it all along), confirmation, and anchoring
Term
Availability Heuristic
Definition
based on ease of retrieval, if instances come quickly to mind, they are likely to be frequent in experience (frequency and recent)
Term
Heuristic
Definition
a short cut; a strategy that risks error to gain efficiency (speed)
Term
Confirmation bias
Definition
we are more alert and more responsive to evidence that confirms our beliefs/conclusions than to evidence that might challenge them (prejudice)
--easier to process information that is consistent with our beliefs rather than opposed to them
Term
Anchoring Effect
Definition
processing is influenced by your starting point; 80% art students vs. 20% technical students, all other information in the story is irrelevant
Term
Representative Heuristic
Definition
assume that each member of a category is a representative of that category and has all its traits, “seen one, seen ‘em all,” (stereotype), be able to draw conclusions from a quite small sample
Term
Simulation Heuristic
Definition
mentally modeling a possible event, and basing likelihood on that model; we usually use representative heuristic unless causal information is provided, in which case we switch to this
Term
Conjunction Fallacy
Definition
subjects seem to approach these issues like a detective would treat a suspect (with more info, likelihood of guilt increases), the more we know about someone the more likely we are to ascribe to specific beliefs relative to general ones
Term
Four main features of all problems
Definition
-A goal or description of what constitutes a solution
-A description of objects relevant to achieving a solution
-A set of operations or allowable actions toward a solution
-A set of constraints not to be violated
Term
Analogous problem
Definition
strategy in reformulation
Term
Mental Set
Definition
a tendency to repeat a solution process that has succeeded previously, people tend to stick with a set solution even when an easier one is available (water jar problems)
Term
Functional Fixedness
Definition
treating an object as having only one function; not thinking creatively (mounting a candle to the wall)
Term
Creativity-
Definition
a new solution to an old problem, when it has never been solved before, and when we recognize it as such
Term
Four steps to the creative process
Definition
Preparation= setting aside
Incubation= setting aside
Illumination= achieving insight
Verification= checking solution
Term
Incubation and insight
Definition
some sort of time away from thinking or interruption seems to help with problem solving
Term
Interruption helps because…
Definition
Recovery from fatigue
-Forget inappropriate approaches
-Reorganization
-Breaking out of inappropriate mental set
Term
Simon Effect
Definition
the finding that reaction times are faster when stimulus and response occur at the same location (same visual/response field)
Term
How to improve the comprehensibility of messages
Definition
Physical change from male to female voice is novel and easy to detect
-Details given with minimum negation
-Details are repeated in an easy to understand way (influences memory)
-Message is given as though from an authoritative figure (gets people to listen) and reasons are given for instructions
Term
How and why cell phone use affects driving
Definition
It’s the cognitive demands, not the physical ones, that are dangerous
Term
How cognition is manipulated in advertising
Definition
-Most important predictor of the success of an advertisement is repetition (occurring over a long period of time… disturbed practice)
-Incorrect inferences often occur
-Distinctiveness, so the signal stands out amongst noise
-Standard add time reduced from 45 to 30 seconds
Term
Speed reading, is it possible
Definition
-Speed reading is NOT possible
-The eyes cannot take in 1500 wpm no matter what
-Can teach you how to identify and skip unimportant stuff, which in turn could speed up overall reading
Term
The influence of setting goals on performance
Definition
People perform better when they set high goals (90% correct on the test) relative to standard goals (do my best), this has been shown to work in the workplace too
Term
-How underlining information affects memory
Definition
Taking notes in class or underlining in books does NOT help on tests unless you study them later
-Just the process of doing this does not ensure success or enhanced attention
Term
Cognitive shortcuts to determining brain laterality
Definition
-Almost all right handers are left verbal
-Lefties make up 8% of the population, about 60% are verbal left, 40% reversed
-Laterality influences handwriting, especially amongst lefties (normal or hookers)
Term
Capgras Delusion
Definition
believe family members are imposters, no emotional arousal when view photos of them
Term
Visual Neglect
Definition
stroke in parietal lobe, one visual field no longer matters
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