Term
| Attention is defined as... |
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Definition
| The process of selecting information for further processing. |
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Term
| Broadbent's early selection model of attention said that stimuli is filtered at the beginning then encoded into memory. What were a few problems with this? |
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Definition
| The cocktail party effect (noticing one's name while not paying attention) and being able to piece together information from an unattended ear (follow message) |
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Term
| The Early Selection-Attenuator theory held that there was a filter early on in attention that separated incoming stimuli according to physical characteristics and meaning, then allowed it through. What were some problems with this? |
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Definition
| Ambiguous sentences could be influenced by information in the unattended ear that the person is unaware of. Also, people who are shocked when presented with a word in the unattended ear had a galvanic skin response when they hear the word again in their attended ear. |
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Term
| Late selection of attention asserts that... |
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Definition
| Most of the incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message to be processed is selected |
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Term
| Attention has a ______ capacity, is not the same as __________, and takes _______. |
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Definition
| Limited; awareness; time (attentional blink) |
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Term
| The two types of attention are... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dichotic listening task? |
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Definition
| When a person is presented one message to an eye and a different message in the other ear |
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Term
| What is the Stroop Effect/Task? |
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Definition
| When a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus (color of the ink) and ignore another aspect (what the word spells) |
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Term
| What are illusory conjunctions? |
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Definition
| Combinations of features from different stimuli |
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Term
| What are the three models of attention in a nutshell? |
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Definition
Early selection: single channel
Early attenuator selection: multiple channels
Late selection: all information is processed |
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Term
| What are the two types of attention processes and describe them. |
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Definition
Automatic: requires little attention, for easy/familiar tasks, parallel, ballistic
Controlled: requires more attention, for more difficult tasks, serial, not ballistic |
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Term
| What is bottom-up versus top-down processing? |
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Definition
| Bottom-up refers to processing that starts with the stimulus and goes to the brain. Top-down is involves a person's knowledge/experience |
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Term
| What is Broca's aphasia? What is Wernicke's aphasia? |
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Definition
Broca's: difficulty in using speech, but being able to understand it
Wernicke's: difficulty in understanding language, but being able to produce grammatically correct but incoherent speech |
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Term
| What are some components of effective processing? |
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Definition
| The spacing effect, distributed practice, retrieval practice, encoding variability, situational variability, and metacognition |
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Term
| What is the encoding specificity principle? |
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Definition
| Conditions in learning should match conditions in recall for best results |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories that have been encoded incorrectly |
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Term
| What are the basic specializations of the hemispheres? |
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Definition
Left: Language, math
Right: Emotions, spatial tasks, complex visual pattens |
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Term
| The hippocampus is what and what does it do? |
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Definition
| A structure in the mid-brain responsible for encoding explicit STM into LTM |
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Term
| The two theories as to how we create visual imagery are what? |
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Definition
| Analog (pictorial, functional equivalence) and propositional (descriptive) |
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Term
| What is implicit versus explicit memory? |
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Definition
Explicit memories: those based on conscious recollections
Implicit: unconscious memories, such as motor skills and experiences that effect our behavior (getting shocked when shaking hands) |
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Term
| Name a few indirect memory tasks |
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Definition
| Fragment completion, perceptual identification, and word naming |
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Term
| What is proactive and retroactive interference? |
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Definition
Proactive: Old information interferes with the learning of new information
Retroactive: Newer information interferes with the recall of older information |
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Term
| Describe the levels of processing |
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Definition
From shallow to deep:
Orthographic (spelling)
Phonological (sound)
Semantic (meaning)
Self Reference |
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Term
| What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
| Frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal |
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Term
| What is the misinformation effect? |
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Definition
| When a person is presented with misleading information after witnessing an event. The person then incorporates the incorrect information into their memory |
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Term
| What is the modal model of memory? |
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Definition
| Stimulus enters into sensory memory, focus is placed on certain aspects which are taken into STM, then encoded into LTM |
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Term
| What is the method of loci? |
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Definition
| Method for remembering in which items to be remembered are mentally placed along a spatial layout |
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Term
| One theory of pattern recognition is Recognition by Components. Describe it. |
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Definition
1. Decompose objects into geons
2. Figure out what each geon is
3. Figure out relations among geons
4. Use resulting description to get into your memory to know what the object is. |
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Term
| What are the two main theories explaining pattern recognition? |
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Definition
| Recognition by components and template matching |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures in the eye. Rods identify rough features and contrasts, are more abundant, and are spread around the edges of the retina. Cones are used for detail and color and are centered in the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| A person's knowledge about some aspect of their environment |
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Term
| What is a semantic network? |
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Definition
| Idea that concepts are organized into interconnected networks |
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Term
| Describe the serial position curve |
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Definition
| Information is best retained at the beginning of a list (primacy), with worst recall in the middle and slightly better recall at the end (recency) |
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Term
| Contrast serial and parallel searches |
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Definition
Serial: requires attention, is a controlled process, search time increases with set size
Parallel: requires little attention, search times remains the same no matter the set size, automatic process |
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Term
| Break down the types of LTM and THEIR types |
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Definition
Declarative- Semantic, episodic
Non-declarative- procedural, conditioning |
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Term
| Compare working memory and STM |
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Definition
| The difference is mostly historical. STM was considered to last 18-30 seconds, hold 5-7 items, and rehearsal was enough to encode information. Working memory is broken into visuo-spatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and the central executive. |
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Term
| What is phonological similarity? |
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Definition
| The confusion of letters or words that sound similar |
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Term
| What is the irrelevant speech effect? |
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Definition
| Difficulty using working memory while being presented with audio stimuli: demonstrates the limitations of the phonological loop |
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Term
| What is the word length effect? |
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Definition
| A longer list of words can be memorized if the words are shorter, demonstrating the limitation of the phonological loop |
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Term
| What was the "sleep words" demonstration and what did it show? |
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Definition
| Students were given a list of words relating to sleep without actually containing the word "sleep." When recalling the list, students often included the word. |
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Term
| Describe the Block Letter F task and what it showed. |
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Definition
| Students were asked to imagine a block letter F in their mind and then identify which corners were inner and which were outer. The task was much more difficult if the students had to point to inner or outer because both tasks used the visuo-spatial sketchpad |
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Term
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Definition
| Grouping items together in order to form units; allows for more information to be stored in STM |
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Term
| What is the digit span task? |
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Definition
| Memorizing as many digits in a list as possible |
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Term
| What is the Ponzo illusion and why does it occur? |
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Definition
| When two lines of equal length appear different when superimposed on an image displaying depth. Our eyes are accustomed to seeing objects in the distance as being smaller, so the lines being equal length makes the one superimposed on the distant part of the picture look longer |
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Term
| What is the Muller-Lyer illusion and why does it occur? |
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Definition
| When lines of equal length appear different when lines are placed on either end that usually indicate an object that is pushed in or pushed out. |
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Term
| What is the working memory (sentence) span task? |
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Definition
| Students are presented with a series of sentences. They are asked to read the sentence aloud then recall the last word of the sentence. Demonstrates that working memory is involved with processing information and storage |
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Term
| Contrast imagery and perception |
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Definition
-Perception occurs automatically, imagery requires effort
-Perception is stable; imagery: fragile
-Harder to manipulate mental images that are created perceptually [refer to ambiguous figures] |
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Term
| For most people, where does language processing occur in the brain? |
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Definition
| In the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
| What area of the brain is responsible for language comprehension? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word |
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Term
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Definition
| The smallest unit of language that has a definable meaning or grammatical function |
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Term
| In the word “cellphone,” “cell” is a: |
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Definition
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Term
| Syntactic ambiguity refers to... |
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Definition
| Sentences that have more than one meaning |
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Term
| The availability heuristic states that... |
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Definition
| Decisions are made based on the ease of which something comes to mind. |
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Term
| What is the confirmation bias? |
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Definition
| We naturally seek confirmation of our beliefs (i.e., positive information) when in fact, “negative” information is more powerful. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gap or barrier between current state and goal state. |
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Term
| Describe the stages of problem solving |
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Definition
-Preparation
-Understanding the problem
-Understanding the goals
-Production Stage
-Produce the solution paths
-Judgment/Evaluation
Select the solution path
Evaluate for predicted success |
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Term
| What are the factors that influence problem solving? |
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Definition
A. Expertise
B. Memory
C. Representation
D. Metacognitive skills |
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Term
| Name some features of creativity |
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Definition
- Weakly correlated with intelligence.
- Solutions that are both unusual and useful (not useful: how to cook a pig: put it in a house and then burn the house down)
- Intelligence is necessary, but not sufficient, to produce creativity |
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Term
| Describe a divergent production task |
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Definition
| List as many words as possible, in a one-minute period, that have the form L______N. |
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Term
| Describe a remote associates task |
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Definition
| Finding the word that ties into the following list: lick, sprinkle, mines |
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Term
| Contrast insight vs. non insight problems |
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Definition
| Insight problems are solved when a solution suddenly comes to you, non insight problems are solved step by step |
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Term
| Contrast divergent and convergent thinking |
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Definition
Divergent: open-ended; large number of possible solutions; no “correct” answer
Convergent: finding a specific solution |
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