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Cog Psyc
Final
113
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
05/04/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Why was surgery performed on HM?
Definition
To reduce and or eliminate Grand Mal seizures
Term
was HM surgery succesful?
Definition
Yes, it reduced the number of seizures
Term
Which parts of HM's brain were removed?
Definition
Hippocampus and surrounding areas
Term
What can HM learn?
Definition

things that go with habituation, skills, tennis, mirror writing

Term
what can't he learn?
Definition

anything that must be put into short term ememory

Term
what is consolidation?
Definition

process of putting new informaiton into permanaent storage

Term
What does HM's case suggest?
Definition
there is a differenence between short and LTM
Term
what is episodic memory?
Definition
events that happen to someone (episodes of their life)
Term
what is procedural memory?
Definition
how to do things (procedures)
Term
what is semantic memory?
Definition
organized knowledge about the world
Term
Why seperate memory into the 3 types?
Definition

because dif types of memory have dif characterisitcs

because dif brain injuries affect dif types of memories

Term
what is encoding?
Definition
placing informaiton in storage
Term
what is storage?
Definition
holding information
Term
what is retrievel?
Definition
getting info out of storage
Term
what is depth of processing?
Definition
deep meaningful information processing leads to more permeneant retention
Term
what are the shallow qualities of words?
Definition
visual appearance of the word, sound of the word
Term
what is the deep quality of words?
Definition
the meaning of the word
Term
what is the classic test of depth of processing?
Definition
subjects are shown a list of words, the words they had to fill in the blank they remembered better
Term
Whay is memory better for deep words?
Definition

because either they are have distinctiveness meaning they stimulated different parts of memory

or

because they need to be elaborated upon, you process new information by relating it to permenant info

Term
what is maintenance rehearsal?
Definition
repeating a stimulus, less permenant then elaborative
Term
what is elaborative rehearsal?
Definition
processing new info by relating it to permanent info
Term
How was depth of processing tested with pictures of faces?
Definition

subjects had to look at pictures and used either physical words or asked if they looked honest, the subjects who had to think about them being honest remembered them better

 

results: elaborating on honesty caused them to remebere them better

Term
what is the self referential effect?
Definition

enhancement of long term meory by relating the material to personal expereinces

Term
why does the self referential effect occur?
Definition
becuase people eleaborate more and related it to them sleves
Term
what is encoding specificity principle?
Definition
recall is better if the retrieval context is similar to the encoding context
Term
3 things for context to have an effect?
Definition

type od task matters (recognition vs recall)

other learning cues should be weak

bigger effect on older memories

Term
why do conext effects exist?
Definition
efficient and allows for survival
Term
what is emotion?
Definition
reaction to specific stimulus
Term
what is mood?
Definition
general long lasting experience
Term
what is the pollyanna principle?
Definition
pleaseant stuff is remembered more
Term
what is mood-congruence?
Definition

memory is better whne material to be learned is similar with a perosn's mood

 

ex: if you are going to learn about something sad and you are sad u will remember better

Term
What is mood dependent memory?
Definition
people are more likely to  remember material if their mood at the time of retrieval is the same as the mood they were in when they orignally learned the material
Term
what is an expliict memory task?
Definition
subjects are specifically instructed to remember information that htey had previously learned
Term
what is an implicit memory task?
Definition
past experience with material facilititates perfomrance on a cognitive task
Term
what is repitition priming task?
Definition
recent exposure to a word will later come to mind when given a cue that could evoke many words
Term
what is retrograde amnesia?
Definition
loss of memory of events that occured PRIOR to brain damage
Term
what is anterograde amnesia?
Definition
loss of memory events that occured AFTER damage to the brain
Term
How well do people with anterograde amnesia perfrom on explicit memory tasks?
Definition
poorly, it is because they cannot remeber the specific things they were suppose to remember
Term
How well do people with anterograde amnesia perform on implicit meory task?
Definition
better, because they are remembered stuff from the pas that is not affected in their memory
Term
what is childhood/infantile amnesia?
Definition

ADULTS do no remebere events that occureed in their lives prior to the age of 2 or 3 years old

Term
what is autobiographical memory?
Definition
memory for events and issues related to oneself
Term
what is flashbulb memory?
Definition
memory for a situation in which you first leanred of a very surprising and emotionally arousing event
Term
what are the 6 incidnetal details usually recalled in flashbulb memory?
Definition

the place you first heard the news

the ongoing event interupted

the person that gave the news

own feelings

emotions of others

the aftermath

Term
what are the 2 views of flashbulb memory?
Definition

flashbulb memories are different from other memories, u remember items not remembered for other types of memories

flashbulb memories are like other memories, surprising and emotional memories are more likely to be repeated and elaborated upon time

Term
what is consitency bias?
Definition
we tend to exaggereate the consistency betweeen our past and present feelings and beliefs
Term
what is source monitoring?
Definition
trying to idetify the origin of our memories and beliefs
Term
How valid is eyewitness testimony?
Definition
major details are fairly accurate, small details are often mistaken
Term
what is the misinformaiton effect?
Definition
people view an event then are given misleading info after, then later they are asked and give the misleading info
Term
What is retroacitve interference?
Definition
trouble recalling old material because recently learned new material interferes
Term
what did Loftus's classi study with stop/yield signs demonstrate?
Definition

there was a misiforamtion effec twith what people saw and what they were told they saw

Term
what 4 factors have been found to influence eyewitness testimony?
Definition

errors are more likely if the witness's attetniton has been distracted at the time of the event, weapon

errors are more likely if the misinformation is plausable

errors are more likely if their is social pressure

errors are more leikely if eyewitness have been given positive feedback

Term
what did Loftus's study involving subjects viweing a film of an auto accident the word SMASHED demonstrate?
Definition
using different words to describe the accident changed what people saw
Term
what is the constructivist approach to memory?
Definition
recollections chaneg as people REVISE the past to satisfy their present concerns and knowledge
Term
what evidence supports the false memory perspective?
Definition
therapists specializing in recovered memories often inadvertantly suggest that a repressed memory may exist
Term
what evidence supports the recovered memory perspective?
Definition
memories of molestation can be forgotten or repressed and can be recovered
Term
what did loftus's "bugs bunney at disney" research deomstrate?
Definition
fals memory, because you rememebr being at disney but after seeing an at with bugs in it you said you met him there
Term
what is Loftus's "lost inthe mall study"?
Definition

subjects read booklets with 4 stories about their lives, 3 of the 4 stories were real and 1 was made up

 

the made up story was that they were lost in the mall

Term
What did the lost in the mall sutdy demonstrate?
Definition
false memory perspective
Term
What is expertise?
Definition
10years experience in certain subject
Term
what is own race bias?
Definition
people remember subjects of their own race better
Term
What is general knowledge?
Definition
our background knowledge that helps us get along in life
Term

Genral knowledge is divded into 2 areas what are they?

Definition
semantic knowledge and schemas
Term
what is semantic memory?
Definition
organized knowldege about the world
Term
what are the two divitions of sematic memory?
Definition

matters of fact

concepts

Term
what are categories?
Definition
a class of objects the belong together
Term
what is concepts?
Definition
mental representation of a category
Term
what is the function of concepts?
Definition
to help make sense of the world
Term

How does the feature comparison model work?

Definition

Concepts are stored in memory according to a list of features

The features of an object are compared with the features of the category

people decide whether the two match

Term
what are defining features?
Definition
attributes necessary to the meaning of an item
Term
what are characteristic features?
Definition
attriubtes that are descriptive but not essential
Term
what are the 2 stages of feature comparison?
Definition

compre al the features

compare the defining features of the object and category

Term
what is the sentance verification technique?
Definition
subjects see simple sentances and must consult their stored semantic knowledge to determine if the sentances are true or false
Term
what is the typicality effect?
Definition
people reach decisions faster when an item is a typical member of a category, rather than an unusual member
Term
what are the problems with the feature compariosn model?
Definition

few concepts in real life have necessary features

model assumes features are independent of one another, but often are not

Term
What is the prtottype approach?
Definition
a person deicdes whether an item belongs to a category by comparing the item to a prototype
Term
what is a prototype?
Definition
an idealzed item that is most typical of a category
Term
what is prototypicality?
Definition
a degree to which members of a category are prototypical
Term
what is family resemblance?
Definition
no single attribute is shared by all examples of a concept, however each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept
Term
How was the prototype approach demonstrated with Identikit-face study?
Definition
each face showed feature/s with prototype never shown
Term
what are super ordionate level categories?
Definition

higher level more general categories

e... animal

Term
what are basi-level categories?
Definition

mid level moderately specificcategories,

ex.. dog

Term
what are subordinate level categories??
Definition

lower level more specific

 

ex.. german shepard

Term
which level is most commonly used?
Definition
basic
Term
which level do experts use?
Definition
subordinate
Term
what are the advantages to the protype approach?
Definition

o   Avoids defining categories by essential characteristic

o   Accounts for developing categories from loosely structured resemblances (family resemblance)

o   Shows how we can store a vast amount of information into a single prototype

 

Term
what re the problems wiht the prototype appraoch?
Definition

o   Sometimes the prototype is not the most typical item in a category

o   We often do store a vast amount of specific information

o   Categories ae treated as fuzzy by prototype approach

§  But categories are often not fuzzy

Term
what is the exemplar appoach?
Definition
people first learn some specifc examples of a concept, and then classify a new stimulus by deciding how closey it resembles those specific examples
Term
what is and exmplar?
Definition

specific examples of a concept stores in a memory

 

ex... real examples

Term
which hemisphere of the brian is active during a activity using prototypes?
Definition
left
Term
which hemisphere of the brian is active during a activity using exemplars?
Definition
right
Term
what ar the advantages to the exemplar approach?
Definition

Avoids problems of necessary features           

 Don’t have to devise a prototype (just store examples_          

  Can explain why we can categorize unusual examples

Term
What re the problems with the exemplar appraoch?
Definition

explaining why we store some examples and not others

exemplars for certain large categories may be unwildly

Term
what is a network model?
Definition
a net like organizaiton of concepts in memory with many interconncetions
Term
what are nodes?
Definition
concepts
Term
what are links?
Definition
they connect nodes
Term
what is spreading activaiton?
Definition
 a node is activated by a name of concept, activation spread through links to other node
Term
how does the model explain sentance verification?
Definition
yes or no then from there it expands through the net
Term
how does the model explain individual differences?
Definition
people hve experienced different things, giving them diffeerent network
Term

How does the model explain individual differences?

Definition
people have experinced differnet thngs giving them differents networks
Term
how doees this model explain unusla connections in memory?
Definition
context effect, you learned something in a room so its connect to that room
Term
how does the mdoel explain mistake sin memory
Definition
different concepts share common connections
Term
What is ACT?
Definition

adaptive control of though

made by john anderson

tried to account for all of cognition

Term
What is a propostion?
Definition
smalelst unit of knoledge that can be judged true of flase
Term
PDP does what and is what?
Definition
Parallel distributed processing, takes into the account of working neurons
Term
what is spontaenous generalizations?
Definition
drawing influences about general information based in individual cases
Term
whata re the advatages of the PDP approach?
Definition

can use bottom up and top down processing                

Can explain how we draw generalizations

can draw conclusions with incomplete knowledge          

  ---based on similar people or objects

Term
what is a schema?
Definition
genralized knoweldeg about a situation or an event
Term
what is a script?
Definition
isa simple well structured sequence of events in a specified order that are associated with a highly familiar activity
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