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Coevolution
definitions and such
27
Biology
Undergraduate 4
02/23/2014

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Term
what is the term coevolution used to describe what?
Definition
it is used to describe cases where two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.
Term
Give an example of coevolution:
Definition

an evolutionary change in the chemical defenses of a plant, might over time select for change in the morphology or digestive system of an herbivore that eats the plant

*selection in turn might affect the evolution of the plant, such that it increases its chemical defneses. Selection for herbivores that can detoxify these defenses may occur which provides for increased selective pressures on the plant and so on. 

Term
coevolution is most likely when what?
Definition
when different species have close ecological interactions with one another.
Term
what the relationships of coevolution?
Definition
  • predator/ prey and parasite/host
  • competitve species
  • mutualistic species
Term
define mutualism:
Definition
it is the proper term for interactions where both species benefit
Term
is symbiosis the same as mutualism
Definition
symbiosis is not same the mutualism
Term
so what does symbiosis mean?
Definition
symbiosis simply means two species or organisms have an intimate relationship with each other
Term
give an example of symbiosis:
Definition
you and tape worm are symbiotic but not mutualistic
Term
give an example of classical case of coevolution:
Definition
plants and insects
Term
give an example of coevolution besides plant-ant
Definition
Acacia-Pseudomyrmex ant mutalism in Central & South America is obligatory
Term
In the American tropics Pseudomyrmex ants have evolved the following characteristics which are:
Definition
  1. They protect plants from herbivores
  2. They keep other plants from growing on or shading the plants, and
  3. they even areas of ground around the plants
Term

How have Acacia plants have evolved?

 

Definition
  1. Thorns as places to live for the ants
  2. Extrafloral nectaries are source of water and carbohydrates
  3. Beltian bodies which are lipid and protein rich
  4. plants remain evergreen even in the dry environment where they are normally found. 
Term
what do plants provide?
Definition
Mullerian bodies
Term
what do Mullerian bodies contain?
Definition
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Term
what are mullerian bodies associated with?
Definition
they are associated with trichilia and mullerian bodies.
Term
what is the form of carbohydrates that are produced from Mullerian body?
Definition
glycogen
Term
to what is glyocgen is denticial?
Definition
to animal glycogen
Term
how do ants protect Cecropia?
Definition
by stinging potential herbivores and chewing on vines which might grow on Cecropia.
Term
What do ants do?
Definition
  • sting
  • bite
  • chew vines
  • attack animals 
Term
What does TTX do?
Definition
It produces loss of muscle coordination. The senior Brodie knew that resistant garter snakes, after ingesting a newt lost the ability to crawl for some time.
Term
Do snakes just die if they eat a newt?
Definition
No
Term
What was the hypothesis that was tested?
Definition
If garter snakes are sympatric with these toxic newts, will they have coevolved resistance?
Term
What did the cofffeepot incident lead the Brodies to what type of theory?
Definition
Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution
Term
What did the Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution state?
Definition
  1. Species and populations evolve over time.
  2. interactions that drive coevolution occur between individuals on a local scale. 
  3. interactions depend on a multitude of factors that rane from the physical to the biotic at a very fine again.
  4. Thus we predict that over the geographic range of an interaction, there will be hot spots where coevolution is intense, and cold spots where coevolution is weak or nonexistent.
Term
What kind of populations was Brodies able to map?
Definition
high and low resistant populations (subsequent slide)
Term
What does the story of the coffeepot incident illustrate?
Definition
it illustrates fascinating evolutionary responses between predator and prey, that are played out upon the ecological stage of varying biotic and abiotic environments in different geographic zones
Term
Give an example of Convergent Evolution:
Definition
The Cactus family is found only in the Americans and the Euphoricaceae
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