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CNS to PNS
CNS to PNS
71
Medical
Graduate
08/30/2010

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Term
Nucleus
Definition
A collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS.
Term
Meninges
Definition
Membranous covering of brain and spinal cord.
Term
Spinal dura mater
Definition
Tough fibrous and elastic tissue forming the outermost covering membrane of the spinal cord. Separated from the periosteum-covered bones and ligaments that form the wall of the vertebral canal by the epidural space.

Borders:
Sup: foramen magnum
Inf: sacral hiatus
Lat: IV foramina
Term
Epidural space
Definition
Space between spinal dura mater and bone/ligaments of vertebrae. Occupied by the internal vertebral venous plexus.
Term
Dural sac
Definition
Tuberal sac in the vertebral canal. Confluent with the epidural space and arachnoid mater. Ends at S2 by fusion with the filum terminale, which attaches it to the coccyx.
Term
Arachnoid mater
Definition
Membrane confluent with the dural sac. Encloses the subarachnoid space. Ends at S2.
Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition
CSF-full space around nerve roots, spinal cord, and post and ant spinal arteries.
Term
Pia mater
Definition
Outer surface of the spinal cord and cerebrum. Forms one of the membranes of the subarachnoid space.
Term
Filum terminale
Definition
The vestigial remnant of the caudal part of the spinal cord. Fuses with the inferior border of the dural sac and attaches it to the coccyx.
Term
Leptomeninges
Definition
General name of for the arachnoid and pia mater membranes.
Term
Denticulate ligament
Definition
Pia mater. Attached to spinal column in between dorsal and ventral roots. Attached to spinal dura mater (through arachnoid). Triangular-shaped.
Term
Internal filum terminale
Definition
Vestiges of neural tissue and neuroglial tissue covered by pia mater. Perforates the inferior end of the dural sac to form the core of the external filum terminale.
Term
Spinal cord
Definition
Runs from C1 to L1
Term
Conus medularis
Definition
Inferior cone of spinal cord
Term
Cauda equina
Definition
From L2 to Co; consists of 20 spinal nerves (or 10 pairs) and filum terminale.
Term
Anterior spinal artery(s)
Definition
Unpaired. Off vertebral artery.
Term
Posterior spinal artery(s)
Definition
Paired. Off vertebral artery or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
Term
Segmental spinal branches
Definition
Arteries. Arise from vertebral a., ascending cervical a., deep cervical a., posterior intercostal aa., and lumbar aa. Enter via IV foramina. Supply much of the spinal cord, particularly at the cervical and lumbrosacral enlargements.
Term
Arteria radicularis magna
Definition
Also called artery of Adamkiewicz. Large segmental artery (unilateral). On left side in most people. Supplies much of blood to anterior spinal artery.
Term
Internal vertebral venous plexus
Definition
Located in the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord.
Term
Epineurium
Definition
Connective tissue outermost covering of nerve. Includes vasa nevorum (blood vessels for nerves).
Term
Vasa nevorum
Definition
Blood vessels for nerves. Companion with nerve in the epineurium.
Term
Perineurium
Definition
Connective tissue enclosing each fascicle (bundle of nerves).
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
Delicate connective tissue surrounding neurolemma cells and axons.
Term
Ganglion
Definition
A collection of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.
Term
Afferent fibers
Definition
Impulse direction toward the CNS (ex. sensory)
Term
Efferent fibers
Definition
Impulse direction exits the CNS toward effector organs.
Term
# Cranial Nerves
Definition
12. Exit foramina in cranium.
Term
# Spinal Nerves
# Cervical
# Thoracic
# Lumbar
# Sacral
# Coccyx
Definition
31 pairs of spinal nerves. 8 Cervical. 12 Thoracic. 5 Lumbar. 5 Sacral. 1 Coccyx. Exit via intervertebral foramina.
Term
Somatic Nervous System: types of fibers, 1 or 2 neuron relay
Definition
GSE and GSA. Both are 1 neuron relays.
Term
Autonomic nervous system: types of fibers and 1 or 2 neuron relay
Definition
GVE and GVA. GVE = 2 neuron relay. GVA = 1 neuron relay.
Term
Dorsal root: types of fibers
Definition
GVE and GSE
Term
Ventral root: types of fibers
Definition
GSA and GVA
Term
Myotome
Definition
Unilateral muscle mass innervated by a single spinal nerve.
Term
Recurrent meningeal nn
Definition
2-4. Reenter intervertebral foramen. Innervate meninges and ligaments in spinal canal.
Term
Spinal nerves that make up phrenic nerve. What does the phrenic nerve innervate?
Definition
C3,4,5. Innervates diaphragm.
Term
Clavicle dermatome innervation
Definition
C4
Term
Thumb dermatome innervation
Definition
C6
Term
Middle finger dermatome innervation
Definition
C7
Term
Little finger dermatome innervation
Definition
C8
Term
Nipple dermatome innervation
Definition
T4
Term
Navel dermatome innervation
Definition
T10
Term
Groin dermatome innervation
Definition
T12
Term
Examples of GVE targets
Definition
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Term
GVA
Definition
Mainly sensory (nausea or poorly localized pain triggered by distension, ischemia, or chemical irritation)
Term
Division of ANS
Definition
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Term
Vertebrae where you get sympathetic outflow
Definition
T1-L2
Term
Sympathetic neurotransmitter
Definition
norepinephrine for preganglionic nerves (minus Ach for sweat glands) and Ach for postganglionic
Term
Parasympathetic neurotransmitter
Definition
Ach for both post and preganglionic nerves
Term
Ganglion impar
Definition
Convergence of the two lateral sympathetic trunks anteriorly to the coccyx.
Term
Each sympathetic trunk is connected to which spinal nn
Definition
Anterior rami of spinal nn via gray rami
Term
Gray rami
Definition
Allows passage of postganglionic GVE axon out of sympathetic chain ganglion and into anterior rami of spinal nerve
Term
White rami
Definition
From T1-L2. Allows preganglionic GVE axon to enter sympathetic chain ganglion.
Term
Sympathetic chain ganglion
Definition
Site of synapse between GVE pre- and postganglionic fibers. Contains cell body of GVE postganglionic fiber.
Term
Interganglionic rami
Definition
Mix of pre and postganglionic axons.
Term
Superior cervical ganglion
Definition
Sympathetic chain ganglion for the head. Contains cell bodies of GVE postsynaptic neurons.
Term
Stellate ganglion
Definition
Fusion of the T1 superior chain ganglion with the inferior cervical ganglion.
Term
Stellate block
Definition
Knock out T1 sympathetic chain. GVE signals can't enter sympathetic chain ganglion to synapse with postganglion GVE fibers (white rami below T1, can't get to T1 because of the block). Knocks out all signals originating above T1. Can be used to reduce pain.
Term
Splanchnic nn
Definition
From T5-L2.

Connect paravertebral ganglion (sympathetic chain ganglion) to central prevertebral chain ganglion. Preganglionic sympathetic GVE fibers destined for visceral organs synapse at central prevertebral ganglion (not SCG).
Term
Horner's Syndrome
Definition
Compression or blockage of cervical or sympathetic chain. Results in lack of sympathetic signals on the ipsilateral side.

Get ptosis (abnormally low position of upper eyelid), miosis (excessive contraction of the pupil), and anhydrosis (failure of the sweat glands)
Term
Effect of sympathetic GVE on skeletal muscles and heart.
Definition
Vessel dilation
Term
Effects of Sympathetic system (7)
Definition
(1) Carries visceral pain impulses, (2) dilates pupil, (3) goose bumps, (4) blanching, (5) sweating, (6) relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and bronchial secretions (take in more air), and (7) contracts internal anal sphincter.
Term
Celiac plexus
Definition
AKA solar plexus. Convergance of preganglionic sympathetic GVE (goes through splanchnic nerve) with vagus nerve. Innervates visceral organs.
Term
Outflow path for parasympathetic GVE
Definition
CN III, VII, IX, and X. Also S2-S4.
Term
Parasympathetic innervation
Definition
Distributes to head, visceral cavities of trunk, and erectile tissues of external genitalia. Do not reach body walls (expect genitalia).
Term
Vagus nerve
Definition
Main nerve for abdominal and thoracic viscera, down to left colic flexure.
Term
Parasympathetic functions (7)
Definition
(1) constricts pupil, (2) contracts ciliary muscle resulting in accomodation, (3) promotes secretion, (4) decreases heart rate, (5) constricts bronchi, (6) inhibits internal anal sphincter, (7) contracts detrusor muscle.
Term
Main function for sympathetic GVA fibers
Definition
pain
Term
Main function of parasympathetic GVA fibers
Definition
chemoreceptors and baroreceptors at carotid bifurcation. receptors in pharynx, cervical viscera, major vessels and viscera of thorax and abdomen.
Term
GVA to heart
Definition
T1-4
Term
GVA to appendix
Definition
T10
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