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CNS Test 1
Flash cards about CNS pharmacology and pathology
73
Medical
Graduate
04/12/2009

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Cards

Term
What is the cause of multi-system atrophy in the brain?
Definition
inclusions
Term
What are the 3 components of multi-system atrophy?
Definition

Parkinsonism

Autonomic dysfunction

Cerebellar ataxia

Term
What arteries supply the internal capsule
Definition
lenticulostriate branches of MCA
Term
What components make up the internal capsule?
Definition

anterior 1/3 - motor

posterior 2/3 - sensory

posterior 1/3 - visual

Term
VPL & VML
Definition
body and face sensation
Term
LG and MG
Definition
vision and auditory
Term
basal ganglia and cerebellum
Definition
VA and VL
Term
anterior thalamus
Definition
limbic system
Term
cerebral peduncle
Definition

CN3

ptosis

fixed pupil

Term
pretectal nuclei
Definition

vertical gaze

pupillary light reflex

Term
what are the results for a normal caloric test?
Definition

cold water = nystagmus to contralateral side

warm water = same side

Term
what is the response of a comatose patient to a caloric test with cold water?
Definition
no response
Term
what is the response of a comatose patient with cortex injury to a cold caloric test?
Definition
slow response with cold water
Term
what is the response of a malingering or schizophrenic comatose patient to a cold water caloric test?
Definition
contralateral nystagmus
Term
what are the four stages to pain managment
Definition

transduction

transmission

modulation

perception

Term
what treat is used for transduction of pain?
Definition
local anesthetics that block the primary afferent receptors
Term
what treatment is used for transmission of pain?
Definition
local anesthetics in the epidural space, subarachnoid space, and celiac plexus
Term
what treatment is used for modulation of pain?
Definition
epidural and subarachnoid opioids
Term
what treatment is used the change the perception of pain?
Definition
systemic opioids
Term
what is nociceptive pain?
Definition
pain via undamaged nerve fibers
Term
what is neuropathic pain?
Definition
pain caused by a lesion or dysfunction of the nervous system and is usually burning and throbbing pain
Term
What neurotransmitters decrease the pain stimulus?
Definition
serotonin and NE
Term
What is the function of acupuncture in pain management?
Definition
acupuncture increases beta-endorphins, serotonin and NE, which stimulate the inhibitory pathway
Term
What is the function of the neurostimulator in pain management?
Definition

neurostimulator sends an electrical impulse to dermatome affected by pain.

It is used in complex pain syndrome, chronic pain, causalgia

Term
how many hours will a person with intrathecal drug delivery be pain free?
Definition
18-24 hours
Term
What is intrathecal drug delivery more desirable than IV or oral drug delivery?
Definition
smaller dosage of drug
Term
neuromediator
Definition
how the cell communicates with itself via second messengers
Term
what are the five steps of neurotransmission?
Definition

synthesis

storage

release

receptor binding 

inactivation

Term
what are the three catecholamines?
Definition

dopamine

norepinephrine

epinephrine

Term
what amino acids are used to make catecholamines?
Definition
Phe and Tyr
Term
Where are catecholamines made?
Definition
catecholamines are made in the brain, adrenal, and sympathetic nerves
Term
what is the role of cocaine in dopamine metabolism?
Definition
cocaine increases the release of DA and inhibits its uptake
Term
what is the effect of botulinum toxin on ACh?
Definition
botulinum toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine
Term
what is the method of inactivation of ACh?
Definition
disposal via acetylcholinesterase
Term
what type of acetylcholine receptor is the nicotinic receptor
Definition
ionotrophic with 2 ACh as a ligand
Term
what type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor?
Definition

metabo trophic

it acts through G proteins

Term
Where are the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors found?
Definition
medulla, midbrain, and pons
Term
Where are the nicotinic receptors found?
Definition

SN

LC

septum

Term
what drugs are used to treat myasthenia gravis and what is its mechanism?
Definition
physostigmine and neostigmine are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Term
what is serotonin made from?
Definition
tryptophan
Term
how is serotonin inactivated
Definition
5-HT transporter and degraded by MAO
Term
what makes GABA?
Definition
glutamate
Term
what is the method of inactivation of glutamate?
Definition
reuptake
Term
what type of receptor is the GABAa receptor?
Definition
ionotropic (Cl-)
Term
What is the mechanism of gabapentin?
Definition
gabapentin increases glutamic acid decarboxylase
Term
what are the two glutamate receptors?
Definition

mGLU1-8 are metabotropic

NMDA, AMPA, and KA are ionotropic

Term
what drugs target glutamate receptors?
Definition

PCP

ketamine

Term
Where does glycine have its action?
Definition
spinal cord and brainstem
Term
what drug blocks glycine?
Definition
strychnine
Term
how is glycine terminated
Definition
uptake
Term
what is the function of neuropeptides?
Definition
neuropeptides signal between the CNS and PNS
Term
how do neuropeptides get to their target?
Definition
neuropeptides are released directly into the blood or are secreted by endocrine glands
Term
what determines the amount of neuropeptide released?
Definition
strength of stimuli
Term
what is the effect of NPY?
Definition

increase feeding

decrease anxiety

Term
what neuropeptide is paired with NE?
Definition
NPY
Term
what neuropeptide(s) are paired with GABA?
Definition

enkephalin

substance P

dynorphin

Term
what neuropeptides are paired with ACh?
Definition

CCRP

VIP

Term
What neuropeptides are paired with dopamine?
Definition

neurotensin

CCK

Term
what receptor does POMC act on?
Definition

mu receptor

PEAR

Term
what receptor do the enkephalins act on?
Definition

delta

GH release, analgesia

Term
what receptor do the dynorphins act on?
Definition

kappa

SAM

Term
what are the effects of activation at the sigma receptor?
Definition

dysphoria

hallucination

increased respiration

mydriasis

Term
How many amino acids make up enkephalin, endorphin, and dynorphin?
Definition

enkephalin = 5

endorphin = 30

dynorphin = 17

Term
enkephalin is a ____
Definition
neuromodulator
Term

endorphin is a ______

 

Definition
neurohormone
Term
sustance P is a _________
Definition
neuromodulator
Term
in the amygdala, substance P causes _______
Definition
depression and anxiety
Term
what does H&E stain for in the brain?
Definition

infections

neoplastic processes

Term
what is used to stain for fungi in the brain?
Definition
GMS (silver) stain
Term
how would you identify a schwannoma in the CNS?
Definition

EM

lots of basal lamina

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